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464.3.12
n/a
56
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
12/02/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
primary activity of the brain during the early years of development
Definition
sleep
Term
By age 2,
Definition
child has spent nearly 14 months sleeping and 10 months in waking activities, and the brain has reached 90% of its adult size
Term
A bidirectional relationship exists between
Definition
sleep problems and psychological adjustment
Term
sleep disorders can cause-
sleep disorders can result-
sleep disorders can mimic/worsen-
Definition
cause psych probs
result from other disorders
can mimimc or worse symptoms of other disorders
Term
The Regulatory Functions of Sleep view that-
Definition
arousal, affect, and attention are all closely intertwined in a dynamic regulatory system
Term
Sleep deprivation impairs functioning of the __ leading to -
Definition
prefrontal cortex, leading to decreased concentration and diminished ability to inhibit or control basic drives, impulses, and emotions
Term
sleep problems of infants
Definition
night-waking problems
Term
sleep probs of pre schoolers
Definition
falling-asleep problems
Term
younger school age sleep probs
Definition
more going-to-bed problems
Term
adolescents/adults sleep probs
Definition
more difficulty going to or staying asleep, or having enough time to sleep
Term
adolescents have increased __ need for sleep, but
Definition
physiological need
chronically sleep deprived
Term
Primary sleep disorders are the result of abnormalities in the
Definition
body’s ability to regulate sleep-wake mechanisms and the timing of sleep rather than the result of medical disorder, mental disorder, or use of medication
Term
dyssomnias:
Definition
disorders of initiating or maintaining sleep, characterized by difficulty getting enough sleep, not sleeping when one wants to, not feeling refreshed from sleep
Term
many sleep problems dissolve
Definition
as the child matures
Term
Parasomnias:
Definition
Disorders in which behavioral or physiological events intrude on ongoing sleep
Term
Parasomnias involve
Definition
physiological or cognitive arousal at inappropriate times during sleep-wake cycle
Term
Parasomnias complaints of
Definition
unusual behaviors while asleep
Term
Parasomnias common afflictions of
Definition
early to mid-childhood; children typically grow out of them
Term
Parasomnias include
Definition
nightmares (REM parasomnias) and sleep terrors and sleepwalking (often referred to as arousal parasomnias)
Term
Diagnosis for all sleep-related disorders requires
Definition
clinically significant distress/impairment; the disturbance cannot be better accounted for by another mental disorder, effects of a substance, or general medical condition
Term
Behavioral interventions for Parasomnias
Definition
teach parents to attend to child’s need for comfort and reassurance, gradually withdraw more quickly after saying goodnight (extinction), establish good sleep hygiene appropriate to child’s developmental stage and family’s cultural values, and then use positive reinforcement for maintenance
Term
Goals of Parasomnias behavioral intervention is to:
Definition
Eliminate sleep deprivation
Restore a more normal sleep and wake routine
Term
Parasomnias tx length
Definition
prolonged tx is usually not neccesary
Term
tx for nightmares
Definition
Provide comfort at the time of occurrence and attempt to reduce daytime stressors
Term
-- often preceded sleep walking
Definition
excessive fatigue or unusual stress during daytime
Term
Elimination problems
Definition
can turn into distressing and chronic difficulties, and can affect participation in education and social activities
Term
Two elimination problems occurring during childhood and adolescence:
Definition
Enuresis
Encopresis
Term
Enuresis
Definition
nvoluntary discharge of urine during day or night at least twice a week for three months or accompanied by significant distress or impairment, in a child at least 5 years old; not due to general medical condition or the result of a diuretic
Term
3 tsubtypes of Enuresis
Definition
Nocturnal only: most common; wetting occurs only during sleep at night
Diurnal only: passage of urine during waking hours, more common in females; believed to be associated with social anxiety or preoccupation with a school event
Combination of nocturnal and diurnal
Term
primary Enuresis
Definition
continence has never been attained
Term
secondary Enuresis
Definition
control was estabilished and then lost
Term
causes of Enuresis
Definition
deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), immature signaling mechanism, and genetics
Term
tx of Enuresis
Definition
behavioral training
medication
psych intervention
Term
Enuresis behavioral training
Definition
operant/classical conditioning
urine alarm
Term
enuresis meds
Definition
desmopressin (synthetic ADH); unfortunately, it has a high relapse rate (80%) when discontinued
Term
Enuresis psych interventions
Definition
urine alarm more effective than medication or waiting for child to mature
Term
Encopresis
Definition
The passage of feces into inappropriate places at least once per month for three months in a child at least 4 years old; not due to organic or general medical condition
Term
Encopresis subtypes
Definition
with or without constipation and overflow incontinence
Term
causes of Encopresis
Definition
Avoiding, suppressing, and not recognizing signs when it is time for a bowel movement, which can cause megacolon (built up feces) and problems with decreased signals and painful bowel movements
Abnormal defecation dynamics that, combined with avoidance, increases risk for chronic constipation and encopresis develops
Term
Encopresis tx
Definition
combined medical and behavioral interventions beginning with fiber, enemas, or laxatives to disimpact the rectum, followed by behavioral interventions to establish healthy elimination patterns
Term
Adolescent Substance Use Disorders include
Definition
substance dependence and substance abuse, resulting from self-administration of any substance that alters mood, perception, or brain functioning
Term
For a diagnosis of substance dependence,
Definition
must show a maladaptive pattern of substance use for at least 12 months, with three or more significant clinical signs of distress such as tolerance or withdrawal
Term
Criteria for substance abuse involve
Definition
one or more harmful and repeated negative consequences of substance use over the last 12 months
Term
most prevalent substance used and abused by adolescents
Definition
alcohol
Term
adolescents using ___ decreases
___ increases
Definition
tobacco
increased marijuana, illicit durgs
Term
Some amount of substance use during adolescence is
Definition
normative behavior
Term
Adolescent Substance Use Disorders personality risk factors
Definition
Increased sensation seeking: preference for novel, complex, and ambiguous stimuli
Term
at risk for Adolescent Substance Use Disorders kids who perceive
Definition
oneself to be older than same age peers and school disconnect
Term
Adolescent Substance Use Disorders risk family functioning
Definition
lack of parental involvement/affection/inconsistent/negative interactions/low expectations
Term
strong deterrent for risk behaviors
Definition
trust between adolescent FEMALES and parents
Term
other family risk factors for Adolescent Substance Use Disorders
Definition
parental history of substance abuse, poor parent-teen communication, and family conflict
Term
peers and culture risk facotrs for Adolescent Substance Use Disorders
Definition
association with deviant and substance-using peers
False consensus (“everyone’s doing it”)
Substance use glamorized by peer culture
Term
tx of Adolescent Substance Use Disorders
Definition
family based
motivational interviewing
Term
family based approaches that seek to modify
Definition
negative interactions between family members, improve communication, and develop effective problem-solving skills to address areas of conflict
Term
Multisystemic Therapy (MST)
Definition
involves intensive intervention that targets family, peer, school, and community systems
Term
Motivational interviewing (MI)
Definition
uses a patient-centered and directive approach to address ambivalence and discrepancies between person’s current values and behaviors and their future goals
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