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| to biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, |
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| societal norms that are considered sex-appropriate.Expectations as to how one dresses, behaves, appearance. |
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| children have rigid gender standards - prefer toys/clothes related to gender and gender-specific roles. |
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| Sex categories are vs gender |
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| Sex categories are “male and female” whereas gender categories are “masculine and feminine” |
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| Gender identity refers to |
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| to a person’s internal sense of being male, female or something else. |
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| is an umbrella term for persons whose gender identity or gender expression (behavior, clothing, hairstyle) does not conform to that typically associated with a person’s sex. |
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| “sexual identity” does not match one’s biological sex |
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| A person who identifies as transsexual is someone who |
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| believes, and wishes to be, a member of the opposite sex. |
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| transexuals Often use treatments |
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| (hormones, surgery) to become the sex believe themselves to be. |
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| Female to male transexual – |
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| often means taking hormones, breast removal, and genitalia reconstruction |
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| Male to female transexual – |
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| hormones and surgery but *important for reassignment to take place before puberty |
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| why must male to female happen before puberty? |
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Hormonal changes at puberty causes facial hair and physique to be masculine
Make a decision to suppress puberty with hormones until decision can be made |
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are simplistic generalizations about gender attributes, differences, expectations, and roles of individuals or groups of individuals.
These change over time. |
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We live in a sexual binary world – Male or Female
Two types of gametes (sperm and ovum) and those two types of gametes typically make two different sexes (XX or XY)
This is not always true
People with atypical chromosomal sex that is not the standard male or female |
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| Sex-differentiation (gonadal sex) begins around week |
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| Although the chromosomal sex is established at conception, the early embryo is |
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anatomically undifferentiated (gonadal sex) and is neither male nor female.
It has the potential to become either
Default – female
Fully differentiated – male
Partially differentiated – intersex
Everyone falls on some point of the continuum from female (gynomorphic) to male (andromorphic) |
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| Sexual differentiation (gonadal sex) is determined by-- and sexual identity |
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Definition
the presence or absence of certain hormones during a critical period of gestational development
Sexual identity is activated later (puberty) by certain hormones. |
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Sex levels:
genetic
gonadal
hormonal
somatic
psychological |
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Definition
Genetic sex - chromosomes
Gonadal sex – ovaries and testes
Hormonal sex – estrogens and testosterone
Somatic sex – body anatomy/physiology
Psychological sex – sexual and gender identity |
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Definition
– A reproductive gland that produces gametes (reproductive cells)
Male (XY) has testicles (male gonads) and the gametes are sperm
But not always
Female (XX) has ovaries (female gonads) and the gametes are ova (eggs)
But not always |
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| In addition to producing gametes, gonads produce |
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Definition
gonadal hormones =reproductive hormones
stimulate dev. of 2nd sex characteristcs
males- androgens, testesterone
female- estrogens, progesterone
have both dffer in amounts |
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| Presence, absence, or amount of exposure to male reproductive hormones in utero and then in puberty |
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Definition
not only assist in prenatal development of genitalia, but also organize the brain sexually.
Later in life (puberty) reproductive hormones enable reproductive organs to mature and become functional, but also sexually activate the brain as well. |
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| Structures that originate from the same embryonic tissues are referred to as |
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| homologous, and often have similar functions. |
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| Two theories that attempt to answer this question about person’s sexual identity |
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Definition
1. Neutrality-at-birth theory
Proposed by John Money, Psychologist at Johns Hopkins University in 1950s, studied people born with ambiguous genitalia.
2. Theory of Organizational-activation
Proposed by biologists including Milton Diamond, studied the influence of sex hormones on the reproductive behaviors of animals |
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Definition
Brain is essentially blank and that sexual identity is a product of rearing, life experiences, and acculturation.
Up until 18 mo of age, a child can be taught to grow up as either a boy or girl by how they are raised.
However, for normal sexual development, a child must have normal looking genitalia and genitalia needs to be consistent with how the child is reared |
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| Organization-activation Theory |
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Definition
A person’s sexual identity is established by prenatal hormones that organize the brain.
This early organization later gives rise to our sexual identity and behavior
During puberty, reproductive hormones activate areas of the brain associated with sexual identity and behavior. |
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| 1959 – Important Breakthrough |
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Definition
Found the adult sexual behavior of animals could be altered by androgenic (male) hormones administered during critical stages of prenatal development.
Female animals treated prenatally with androgenic hormones exhibited male behaviors.
Anatomical differences in the brains of female animals treated and those not treated with hormones.
Assumed this finding would be consistent in humans, but there was no evidence. |
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Sexual Reassignment Surgery
money's study bruce/brenda |
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Definition
| Because Bruce (Brenda) had an identical male twin, this offered the perfect test of the theory that sexual identity is learned, not inborn. |
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Although Brenda was raised female, she preferred to act and dress like her brother.
Despite signs that Brenda was rejecting her female identity, Money reported that she was developing normally.
Symposium of American Association for the Advancement of Science “Sex Role Learning in Childhood and Adolescence” 1972
Evidence
Same nature: identical twins and from same womb (same genetics and prenatal hormonal influence
Different nurturing: raised as different sexes
Money reported “Joan” was a healthy girl and adolescent |
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