Shared Flashcard Set

Details

4-H Crank It Up!, Level 1
Small Engines Activities for Youth
194
Engineering
6th Grade
07/26/2012

Additional Engineering Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
air cleaner
Definition
an engine part that removes dirt from air entering the engine
Term
air cooling
Definition
circulating air around the cylinder block and cylinder head to maintain the desired temperature
Term
blower housing
Definition
sheet metal or other material that directs cooling air to the cylinder head and crankcase
Term
box-end wrench
Definition
wrench used to loosen and tighten a bolt or nut with contact at six points, different sized wrenches on each end
Term
calibration
Definition
procedure for checking the accuracy of a measuring device such as a thermometer
Term
carbon monoxide
Definition
poisonous gas produced by incomplete burning of the fuel
Term
carburetor
Definition
engine part where the fuel is metered into the engine and the fuel and air are mixed; creates the correct mixture of air and fuel for the engine
Term
chainsaw
Definition
a handheld power saw with teeth linked together in a continuous chain, often powered by a small engine
Term
chipper
Definition
a machine used to chop small branches, leaves, and clippings for mulching, often powered by a small engine
Term
choke
Definition
a valve in the carburetor used to restrict the flow of air into an engine, usually used to start a cold engine
Term
conduction
Definition
the transfer of heat from one object to another object by direct contact; when someone touches a hot surface, heat is transferred by conduction
Term
convection
Definition
heat transfer without contact (ex. air cooling)
Term
crankshaft
Definition
converts linear motion to rotary motion; the primary output shaft of engine
Term
edger
Definition
a handheld machine that removes overgrown grass along sidewalks, sometimes powered by a small engine
Term
English tools
Definition
tools that measure in English units: inches, feet and yards
Term
electrodes
Definition
the two points of a spark plug where the spark occurs for ignition
Term
element
Definition
the part of the air cleaner that separates dust, dirt and other particles from incoming air, preventing them from entering the engine
Term
engine
Definition
a machine that converts the energy in fuel to a mechanical force
Term
exhaust gases
Definition
the hot gases coming from a running engine
Term
feeler gauge
Definition
a device to measure small distances between parts, such as the spark plug gap
Term
friction
Definition
the resistance force associated with two surfaces in contact sliding against each other
Term
fuel
Definition
an energy source for engines including gasoline, diesel fuel, alcohol and LPG (liquified petroleum gas)
Term
cylinder head
Definition
serves as a cover for the engine
Term
engine block
Definition
the base of the small engine
Term
gasoline
Definition
liquid fossil fuel consisting of carbon and hydrogen used in small and automotive engines; also referred to as "gas" for short
Term
hedge trimmer
Definition
a machine used to trim hedge rows, plants and shrubs, often powered by a small engine
Term
ignition
Definition
starting the burning of fuel and air inside the engine
Term
labels
Definition
decals for safety and instructions
Term
lawnmower
Definition
a machine used to cut lawn grass, often powered by a small engine
Term
lubricant
Definition
a liquid or semi-solid that reduces friction between two surfaces in contact
Term
maintenance
Definition
steps taken on equipment to insure continued operation and long life
Term
metric tools
Definition
tools that measure in metric units (i.e. millimeters and meters)
Term
mower blade
Definition
the sharp cutting edge of a lawnmower
Term
muffler
Definition
an engine part which reduces the noise coming from the exhaust opening of the engine
Term
oil
Definition
a liquid lubricant often used in small engines
Term
open-end wrench
Definition
a wrench used to loosen or tighten a nut or bolt with contact on two flat surfaces
Term
Phillips
Definition
a special screwdriver for a screw with a four-cornered hole in its head
Term
power take-off
Definition
shaft providing the work from the engine
Term
priming
Definition
forcing fuel into the carburetor to create a rich mixture for starting
Term
recoil starter
Definition
a manual starting system consisting of a rope, pulley and return spring
Term
ratchet
Definition
used with a socket to loosen or tighten a nut of bolt in right locations
Term
safety
Definition
steps and devices used to reduce the chance for an injury
Term
screwdriver
Definition
used to tighten a screw or fastener with a slotted head
Term
service classification
Definition
engine oil quality-based performance with respect to wear, sludge, rust and varnish
Term
shield
Definition
a cover on a machine to protect the operator or bystander from injury
Term
shredder
Definition
used to cut or tear things into shreds, such as leaves and grass
Term
small engine
Definition
an engine less than 25 horsepower
Term
snow thrower
Definition
a machine used to remove snow from driveways and sidewalks, often powered by a small engine
Term
socket
Definition
used with the ratchet providing contact on six sides
Term
solvent
Definition
a liquid cleaning material for oil deposits
Term
spark plug
Definition
engine part which has an air gap for the spark which ignites the air and fuel mixture
Term
starter
Definition
the system to start an engine, mechanical or electrical
Term
string trimmer
Definition
a machine used to trim around areas a lawnmower can't reach
Term
thermometer
Definition
a meter to measure temperature
Term
throttle
Definition
a valve in the carburetor which controls the quantity of the air-fuel mixture entering the engine
Term
tiller
Definition
a machine used to turn up the soil to prepare for planting
Term
vents
Definition
openings which allow cooling air to enter an air-cooled engine
Term
viscosity
Definition
the ability of a liquid to flow (consider how water and honey are different); engine oils are classified by viscosity
Term
warranty
Definition
an agreement by the seller of tools or small engine equipment that they will repair or replace them without cost if they fail early
Term
wrench
Definition
a tool to loosen or tighten nuts or bolts
Term
What are the five steps of the experiential learning model?
Definition
1. experience - attempt to do without being told or shown, 2. share-what you experienced/observations, 3. process-analyze and reflect, 4. generalize-connect to real world examples and 5. apply-what you learned to a similar or different situation/practice
Term
The Crank It Up! project covers: (4 topics)
Definition
engine parts, tools, safety issues and what makes small engines work
Term
"Specs" is short for:
Definition
specifications
Term
The Crank It Up! project helps with life skills such as: (7)
Definition
planning, organizing, comparing and measuring, decision making, communication, safety, problem solving
Term
Where do you find information regarding the quality of gasoline required by the engine?
Definition
owner's manual for the equipment
Term
Where do you find information regarding the type of oil required by the engine
Definition
owner's manual for the equipment
Term
What safety precaution is most important when observing an engine.
Definition
turn it off
Term
What can happen when you tip a lawnmower?
Definition
gasoline and oil may spill
Term
What does a starter do?
Definition
turns the crankshaft to start the engine
Term
What does the cutting height adjustment do?
Definition
allows the operator to control the height of the cut grass
Term
What does the mower blade do?
Definition
does the actual cutting of the grass
Term
What does the gasoline tank do?
Definition
stores the gas until the engine needs it
Term
What does the gasoline do?
Definition
makes the engine go
Term
What is the oil fill?
Definition
an engine hole for adding engine oil which acts as a lubricant for the internal parts
Term
What does the spark plug do?
Definition
creates the spark which ignites the gasoline and air mixture to give the engine power
Term
What are the main controls on small engine equipment? (3)
Definition
on/off switch, speed control and starter
Term
What does the on/off switch do?
Definition
connects or disconnects the electrical system to control whether the engine will run or not
Term
What does the speed control do?
Definition
adjusts the engine speed or forward speed
Term
What does the air cleaner do?
Definition
removes dirt and debris from the air entering the engine
Term
What are the air cooling vents?
Definition
openings for air to enter engine to remove heat from the engine
Term
How does the wheel work?
Definition
allows machine to move easily
Term
What are the two main types of starters?
Definition
recoil/rewind and electrical
Term
What are the main parts of a recoil/rewind starter, and how does it work?
Definition
A mechanical starter usually consisting of a rope, pulley and return spring that manually rotates the crankshaft to start the engine
Term
What are the main parts of an electrical starter, and how does it work?
Definition
group of electrical components including starter motor; operator activates the starter motor to rotate the crankshaft when starting the engine
Term
With a rope rewind starter, the most effective cranking occurs if you ____ _______.
Definition
pull briskly
Term
If it is operating at optimum capacity, a recoil starter should start within ____ pulls.
Definition
2-3
Term
If a recoil starter isn't operating correctly, you should consult the _______ section of your owner's manual.
Definition
troubleshooting
Term
An engine is considered "cold" if it has been operating for less than ___ minutes.
Definition
15
Term
A ______ _______ ______ is needed to start a "cold" engine.
Definition
rich air-fuel mixture
Term
How do you create the rich air-fuel mixture needed to start a cold engine?
Definition
by choking (restricting the airflow) or priming the engine
Term
What happens when the operator primes an engine?
Definition
fuel is sprayed into the air passage in the carburetor
Term
What visual signal indicates a rich air-fuel mixture has been ignited in the engine?
Definition
black smoke
Term
Why does choking or priming an engine work to start it?
Definition
the extra fuel more readily ignites
Term
Make sure all _______ _____ or ______ are in place before starting small engine machinery.
Definition
safety shields [or] guards
Term
To be safe, all _______ and _____ should be removed from the mower.
Definition
grass [and] dirt
Term
Before you start mowing, make sure all objects are _______ _____.
Definition
cleared away
Term
Describe attire for safe small engine operation: (4)
Definition
boots, jeans, pull back long hair, no loose-fitting clothing that can catch in moving parts
Term
Make sure no one is in the path of the _______ ______ when starting the engine or using the mower.
Definition
discharge chute
Term
Describe how to start an engine: (7)
Definition
1. Move to a well-ventilated area, preferably outside, 2. check fuel tank (at least 1/2 full, good quality, fresh, clean gasoline), 3. check oil, 4. open fuel shut-off (if needed), 5. chose choke or prime the carburetor, 6. turn ignition key or pull recoil rope, 7. set speed control (1/4 to 1/2 speed recommended)
Term
What is the optimal speed at which to run a lawnmower engine
Definition
1/4 to 1/2 speed
Term
Why is it important to start a small engine in a well-ventilated area
Definition
because exhaust gases contain carbon monoxide, an odorless deadly poison
Term
If the choke and throttle level are combined, setting the choke will also automatically set the:
Definition
speed control
Term
To start a recoil/rewind motor: (3)
Definition
1. make certain you have clearance for your arm and hand for the entire pull-stroke, 2. pull the cord slowly until the "catch" engages, 3. pull with a firm and quick motion (2 or more pulls may be necessary)
Term
What adjustments are needed after a small engine implement is started "cold?" (4)
Definition
1. after warming for a minute or two, adjust the choke to keep the engine running smoothly, 2. open choke fully as the engine warms, 3. start the blade or engage power to machine, 4. if the engine is running roughly, make adjustments to the choke or throttle
Term
Name two ways you can take good care of your tools.
Definition
1. put them in a tool box or on a peg board to keep them organized, 2. clean them before putting them away
Term
Name three considerations regarding tool purchases
Definition
1. buy tools with a warranty, 2. evaluate craftsmanship carefully, 3. look for tools in sets; they are usually a better deal
Term
Each tool has a _______ and it should only be used for that _______.
Definition
purpose, purpose
Term
Properly _______ of used rags.
Definition
dispose
Term
When working on any engine you should _____ ______ _____ ______ from spark plug.
Definition
remove spark plug wire
Term
The primary purpose of an engine is to convert the ______ in gasoline into ______.
Definition
energy, work
Term
Without oil for lubrication, friction can cause great ______ and ______ on equipment.
Definition
wear [and] tear
Term
Oil comes in different _______.
Definition
grades
Term
Two types of oil include:
Definition
natural and synthetic
Term
Name the four functions of oil in a small engine.
Definition
cool, clean, seal and lubricate
Term
When an oil viscosity classification number is followed by the letter "W" that number indicates the oil's:
Definition
cold weather viscosity in degrees fahrenheit
Term
Numbers not followed by "W" in an oil's viscosity classification number indicate the oil's:
Definition
high temperature viscosity
Term
Oils classified as 10, 10W or 20 are called:
Definition
single viscosity oils
Term
An oil with a classification such as 10W30 is referred to as a:
Definition
multiple viscosity oil
Term
Another term for an oil's viscosity classification number is it's:
Definition
weight
Term
Which oil would be better for a snow thrower--30 or 10W30?
Definition
10W30
Term
Which oil would be better for a lawnmower--30 or 10W30?
Definition
30
Term
Service classifications for oil are based upon:
Definition
car and truck engines
Term
Engine oils in the 1940s and 1950s were classified as:
Definition
SA
Term
Most new cars require ___ oils.
Definition
SJ
Term
Engines today are designed for _______ ____ _______ and ____ ________.
Definition
better gas mileage [and] less pollution
Term
New engine oils become available every _______ years.
Definition
5-8
Term
For diesel engines, the current oil classification is _____.
Definition
CF
Term
___ oils are for gasoline engines and ___ oils are for diesel engines.
Definition
S, C
Term
All engine oil sold will have a _______ and a _______ classification.
Definition
viscosity [and a] service
Term
The viscosity numbers were established by SAE, the ___________________.
Definition
Society of Automotive Engineers
Term
The service classification for oil is decided by the API, the ____________________________.
Definition
American Petroleum Institute
Term
You should wear _________ or ________ gloves when working with oil.
Definition
latex [or] plastic
Term
Why should you wear gloves when working with oil?
Definition
it has many harmful additives
Term
Who provides information on correct waste disposal methods?
Definition
local officials
Term
Name some materials used to remove oil stains.
Definition
corn starch & dish soap, hair spray, Cheese Whiz, shampoo, WD-40, Waterless Mechanic's Soap, Coca-Cola, Lestoil, aloe vera gel, trisodium phosphate (Spic 'n Span), pressure washer
Term
Small engine related jobs include:
Definition
mechanic, sales, engineering and education
Term
What is the difference between an owner's manual and a service manual?
Definition
an owner's manual may cover several similar models; a service manual will be specific to a certain engine and machine model
Term
Where are you likely to meet individuals who work with small engines?
Definition
lawn service company, repair shop, hardware store, small engine machine department, park and recreation maintenance department, golf course maintenance crew
Term
leaf blower
Definition
a machine that blows leaves from lawns and sidewalks
Term
string trimmer
Definition
a machine used to trim around areas that a lawnmower can't reach (e.g. trees and fences)
Term
A safe work area should always include a:
Definition
first aid kit
Term
To protect eyes, always wear _______ when working with small engines.
Definition
goggles
Term
You should wear close-fitting clothing when working with small engines so they will not:
Definition
catch on moving parts
Term
Your should shouldn't have any:
Definition
open parts
Term
In summer, ________ and _________ will protect your skin.
Definition
sunscreen [and] a hat
Term
When working outside in winter, wear warm and comfortable clothes to protect yourself from ____________.
Definition
frostbite
Term
Small engines are useful but they can be ___________, too.
Definition
dangerous
Term
The most dangerous parts of a small engine are ____ or ______ parts, or parts that could ________.
Definition
hot, moving, explode
Term
Proper _________ can avoid accidents.
Definition
maintenance
Term
Safety signals alert people to _______ that may cause injury
Definition
hazards
Term
Safety signals are based on the _______ of the hazard.
Definition
degrees
Term
The safety signals consist of a symbol and a ________________.
Definition
message to explain the hazard
Term
The (colors) __________ and __________ with CAUTION means:
Definition
yellow [and] black, use safety precautions
Term
The (colors) __________ and __________ with WARNING means:
Definition
black [and] yellow, greater risk involved with a specific possible hazard
Term
The (colors) __________ and __________ with DANGER means:
Definition
red [and] white, most serious possible hazard
Term
Which is the most serious safety signal: black and yellow, red and white or yellow and black?
Definition
red and white
Term
Which is the most serious safety signal: DANGER, CAUTION or WARNING?
Definition
DANGER
Term
Why are safety signals missing from older machines?
Definition
1. in the past, fewer safety signals were used, 2. they wear of or are torn off over time
Term
How frequently should you service a lawnmower air cleaner?
Definition
after 25 hrs of use or once per season
Term
How does one service a lawnmower air filter?
Definition
remove and wash with soapy water
Term
What are the three main types of air cleaners?
Definition
cartridge, foam and dual element
Term
What cleans the air in a cartridge type filter?
Definition
porous paper
Term
How do you clean a cartridge filter?
Definition
gently tap it on a flat surface or, in some cases, wash it with soapy water
Term
What cleans the air in a foam type filter?
Definition
foam soaked in engine oil
Term
How do you clean a foam type filter?
Definition
wash it with liquid detergent and water, dry thoroughly and re-soak with engine oil
Term
What cleans the air in a dual element type filter?
Definition
porous paper and an oil-soaked sponge
Term
What element does the air pass through first in a dual element filter?
Definition
the sponge
Term
The sponge in a dual element filter is called the:
Definition
pre-cleaner
Term
Dirty air filters restrict the air flow into the engine and cause: (3)
Definition
lower fuel efficiency, poor operation, more air pollution
Term
How far should you turn a spark plug with the wrench after finger-tightening?
Definition
3/4 turn
Term
What is the most common spark plug gap?
Definition
0.030"
Term
When is a spark plug most commonly fouled?
Definition
When the engine is run only a few minutes at a time.
Term
What causes spark plug fouling?
Definition
when an engine does not run hot enough to burn carbon and scale from the unburnt fuel
Term
Overheating causes spark plugs to:
Definition
erode
Term
A spark comes from the spark plug's ____________.
Definition
electrodes
Term
Before removing a spark plug, you should:
Definition
wipe away any dirt from around the plug
Term
Describe the process for inspecting a spark plug. (6)
Definition
1. loosen 2 turns and then wipe away any dirt, 2. look for wear, 3. clean threads with wire brush and remove deposits with a knife blade (oily deposits can be cleaned in a solvent bath), 4. check electrode gap and adjust if needed, 5. replace gasket if needed, 6. finger tighten and then tighten 3/4 turn with socket
Term
terminal
Definition
the spark plug wire connecting end of a spark plug
Term
insulator
Definition
ceramic layer around a spark plug's center electrode
Term
sealing material
Definition
the layer between a spark plug's center electrode and its ground electrode
Term
"reach"
Definition
the length of the spark plug's thread and gasket
Term
spark gap
Definition
distance from the center electrode to the ground electrode in a spark plug
Term
ground electrode
Definition
electrode extending from the steel outer shell of a spark plug
Term
Small engines are typically cooled by:
Definition
air
Term
What parts of a small engine get particularly hot?
Definition
muffler and engine block or base
Term
What can block an engine's intake screen?
Definition
leaves or grass
Term
Cars and truck are typically cooled by:
Definition
liquid
Term
Cooled liquid cools an automobile engine via:
Definition
conduction
Term
Cooling air cools a small engine via:
Definition
convection
Term
In a small engine, cooling fins are often attached to a fan or:
Definition
flywheel
Term
If your air filter is dirty, it becomes more ______ because air spaces between fibers are filled with dirt.
Definition
dense
Term
A clogged filter can cause the engine to:
Definition
stall more easily, run rich, cause more pollution or not start at all
Term
A high fuel-to-air ration is called running:
Definition
rich
Term
For every gallon of fuel an engine burns, the air cleaner must filter _____________ of air.
Definition
8,000 gallons
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