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4 Bio 152
CH 36 Slide 35 - Fin 3x
64
Biology
Undergraduate 2
02/22/2010

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Term
Slide 35 of 75
Definition
Term
plants grow continuously because they have
Definition
meristems
Term
meristems:
Definition
populations of undifferentiated
cells that retain the ability to undergo mitosis
and produce new cells
Term
apical meristems:
Definition
located at the tip of each
root and shoot
– extend the plant body outward in the process of
primary growth
Term
apical meristems in root and shoot give rise to three
distinct populations of cells:
Definition
– protoderm
– ground meristem
– procambium
Term
tissue:
Definition
a group of cells that functions as a unit
Term
3 Types of plant tissue
Definition

protoderm

• ground meristem

• procambium

Term
protoderm gives rise to
Definition
– dermal tissue system (the epidermis): single layer of cells
that covers the plant body and protects it
Term
ground meristem gives rise to:
Definition
– ground tissue system: makes up the bulk of the plant body;
is responsible for photosynthesis and storage
Term
• procambium gives rise to:
Definition
– vascular tissue system: provides support and transports water, nutrients, and photosynthetic products between the root and shoot systems
Term
• root apical meristem protected by
Definition
root cap
Term
three distinct populations of cells behind the root cap:
Definition
– zone of cellular division
– zone of cellular elongation
– zone of cellular maturation
Term
Primary plant body
Definition

PICTURE

 

Term
• zone of cellular division: (4)
Definition
– apical meristem, where cells are actively dividing
– protoderm
– ground meristem
– procambium
Term
• zone of cellular elongation: (2)
Definition
– cells that are recently derived from the primary
meristematic tissues
– cells are actively increasing in length
Term
• zone of cellular maturation:(2)
Definition
– older cells complete their differentiation into dermal,
vascular, and ground tissues
– epidermal cells produce outgrowths called root hairs:
large surface area allows
Term
Roots Extend into the Soil via Growth of
Apical Meristems and Cell Elongation(PPT)
Definition
PPT
Term
How is the primary shoot system
organized?
Definition
• Behind each shoot apical meristem, the primary
meristematic cells give rise to dermal, ground, and
vascular tissues.
Term
vascular bundles,
Definition
Groups of vasscular tissues
Term
pith:
Definition
ground tissue inside the vascular bundle
Term
cortex:
Definition
ground tissue outside the vascular
bundles
Term
cell wall ???????? the cell and defines its ???????
Definition
Supports, shape
Term
• plant cells contain organelles not found in animals:
Definition
chloroplasts and vacuoles
Term
chloroplasts:
Definition
site of photosynthesis
Term
vacuoles:
Definition
contain cell sap and store wastes, water, and nutrients
Term
• cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells is connected via
Definition
Plasmodesmata
Term
plasmodesmata,
Definition
consist of cytoplasm and
segments of smooth ER that run through tiny,
membrane-lined gaps in the cell wall
Term
The Dermal Tissue System
Definition
• interface between the individual and the external env.
• protects the plant body
• epidermal cells secrete the cuticle: a waxy layer that
covers the shoot system, protecting the leaves and
reducing water loss
• epidermis forms the first line of defense against
pathogens
Term
Stoma must have ?????? and ??????
Definition
Guard Cells, Pores
Term
The Ground Tissue System
Definition

– most photosynthesis
– most carbohydrate storage

- producing and storing valuable molecules

Term
The Ground Tissue System are made up of: (3)
Definition
parenchyma,
collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
Term
• parenchyma cells:
Definition

have relatively thin primary
cell walls and are the most abundant and versatile
plant cells


– primary site of photosynthesis in leaves
– store starch in roots

Term
totipotent
Definition

meaning that they
can divide and develop into a complete mature plant.

 

(why gardeners can clone plants using cuttings)

Term
In leavesParenchyma cells function in
Definition
photsynthesis and gas exchange
Term
In Roots Parenchyma cells function in
Definition
Carbohydrate storage
Term
collenchyma cells:
Definition

function mainly in support
– primary cell walls that vary in thickness
– Even when mature they can continue to lengthen as
they provide structural support to the growing regions
of shoots.

 

• particularly abundant in elongating stems and in
the petioles of leaves

Term
sclerenchyma cells:
Definition

specialized support cells that produce a
thick secondary cell wall in addition to the thin primary cell wall.

 

• secondary cell wall: contains lignin, making it unable to expand.

• This characteristic specializes sclerenchyma cells for supporting
stems and other structures after active growth has finished.
• Ground tissue typically contains two types of sclerenchyma cells: extremely elongated fibers for support, and relatively short sclereids for protection.

Term
fibers purpose in sclerenchyma are for:
Definition
support
Term
sclereids are for:
Definition
Protection
Term
The Vascular Tissue System function:
Definition

support and long-distance transport of
water and dissolved nutrients

 

Made up of xylem and phloem

Term
xylem:
Definition
conducts water and dissolved ions from the root
system to the shoot system
Term
phloem:
Definition
conducts sugar, amino acids, chemical signals,
and other substances throughout the plant body
Term
• in all vascular plants: xylem contains water-conducting cells called
Definition
tracheids
Term
in angiosperms and a few other species:
– xylem contains
Definition
both tracheids and conducting
cells called vessel elements
Term
tracheids: morphology & use
Definition
long, slender cells with tapered ends
– sides & ends of tracheids have pits where only primary cell wall
present
– water moving through tracheids moves from cell to cell through
the pits
Term
• vessel elements:morphology and info
Definition
shorter and wider than tracheids
– both pits and perforations, openings that lack both primary and
secondary cells walls
– conduct water more efficiently than tracheids because their
width and perforations offer less resistance to flow
Term
In angiosperms, tracheids and vessel elements are found
Definition
adjacent to each other.
Term
phloem contains two types of specialized
parenchyma cells:
Definition

1. sieve-tube members:

2.companion cells:

Term
sieve-tube members:
Definition
long, thin cells that lack
nuclei, chloroplasts, and most other major
organelles
– sieve plates: perforated ends responsible for transporting sugars
and other nutrients
Term
companion cells:
Definition
not conducting cells, but
provide materials to maintain the cytoplasm and
plasma membrane of sieve-tube members
Term
Secondary Growth increases:
Definition
the width of roots and shoots
Term
Secondary Growth Info
Definition
specific fxns: increase the amount of conducting tissue
available; provide the structural support required for
extensive primary growth
• occurs in species that have lateral meristems as well as
apical meristems
• lateral meristems (aka: secondary meristems/
cambium): thin layers of meristematic cells that form
cylinders running the length of a root or stem
Term
lateral meristems (aka: secondary meristems/
cambium):
Definition

thin layers of meristematic cells that form
cylinders running the length of a root or stem

 

Two Types

cork cambium and
vascular cambium

Term
vascular cambium:
Definition
forms between the secondary growth of vascular tissues, inside the stem
– generates new layers of cells to both the inside and
outside
Term
cork cambium:
Definition
located near the perimeter of the
stem
– produces new cells primarily to the outside
Term
Periderm =
Definition
Phelloderm, cork cambrium, and cork
Term
What does vascular cambium produce?
Definition
• BOTH phloem and xylem
• new cells produced to the outside of the meristem
differentiate into secondary phloem
• new cells produced to the inside differentiate into
secondary xylem
• secondary xylem contributes to wood
Term
What does cork cambium produce?
Definition
• cork cells to the outside
• a smaller layer of cells called the phelloderm to
the inside
• cork cambium + cork cells + phelloderm =
periderm
• periderm: protects the woody stem as it increases in girth
– part of the bark
Term
The Structure of a Tree Trunk
Definition
• rapid growth periods: secondary xylem
cells are large and thin-walled
• dormant periods: secondary xylem cells
are small and thick-walled
• variation in cell size results in annual
growth rings
Term
• The vascular plant body consists of:
Definition
1. a root system that anchors the individual and absorbs
water and key ions
2. a shoot system that absorbs carbon dioxide and
sunlight
Term
Both root and shoot systems are
Definition
dynamic; they grow and
change throughout the life of the plant.
Term
• Primary growth:
Definition
• occurs when cells located at the tips of each root and
shoot divide
• extends the body
• gives rise to three primary tissue systems
• specialized for protection, food production and storage, and
transport
Term
• Secondary growth:
Definition

• some species
• makes roots and shoots widen throughout life
• cells near the perimeter of a root or shoot divide
• adds transport tissue
• provides additional structural support

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