Term
| Therapy to prevent pulmonary embolism |
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Definition
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Term
| what nerve goes through the obturator foramen? |
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Definition
obturator nerve (adducts thigh)
the nerve (L2-L4) courses through then medial to the psoas then through the obturator foramen (the hole in the pelvic bone) |
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Term
| MOA of adenosine on pacemaker cells |
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Definition
Acts during phase4:
- increases K+ efflux
- inhibits L-type Ca++ channels --> increases threshold |
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Term
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Definition
- inhibit topoisomerase II
- used in testicular & small-cell lung cancer |
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Term
| Where does complement bind on antibodies in order to activate the classical pathway? |
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Definition
The Fc portion near the hinge point
Complement needs 2 Ig molecules in order to be activated |
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Term
Shifting ideas/feelings associated with one person (e.g. spouse, parent) to another person (e.g. physician, therapist)
This can be positive or negative |
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Definition
Transference
Displacement is shifting negative feelings from one person to another (resident yelling at med student b.c. he was yelled at by the attending) |
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Term
| what causes lung damage in a TB infection? |
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Definition
| Type IV hypersensitivity reaction (delayed-type hypersensitivity) |
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Term
2 factors contributing to hyperestronism in cirrhosis?
HINT: one has to do w/ metabolism & one has to do with circulating binders |
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Definition
1) decreased liver metabolism of estrogens & longer 1/2 life of androgens (e.g. liver doesn't metabolize androstendione, which gets aromatized to estradiol which doesn't get removed by liver)
2) Elevated levels of Steroid-hormone binding globulin which binds androgens with higher affinity than estrogens
Why #2 is true, I could not find. But it is a known phenomenon |
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Term
| 2 viruses infect a cell. A virus has the other viruses capsule but its own genetic material. |
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Definition
Phenotypic mixing
this may confer new infectivity for 1 time only (once the genetic material is inside the cell, it just produces the old virus) |
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Term
| colony stimulating factors, growth hormone, & prolactin signal through this receptor type |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes death in acute coronary occlusion? (sudden cardiac death) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| naked ss+RNA icosahedral virus |
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Term
Person treated for bipolar disorder has NM excitability, course tremor, fascicular twitching, agitation, ataxia, and delirium.
What type of drugs would INCREASE the toxicity of the drug this pt is taking? |
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Definition
Lithium toxicity
- Osmotic diuretics will transiently increase Li+ excretion
- Thiazides will MASSIVELY decrease Li+ excretion
- Loops & K+ sparing have little effect
Other things that will decrease Li+ excretion: ACEi & NSAIDS (makes sense b.c. decreased renal flow)
ASIDE: hemodyalysis is the best way to lower serum lithium levels |
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Term
| Atypical antidepressant that causes priapism |
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Definition
trazodone (b.c. of alpha-blocking properties, which also makes it cause arrhythmias via reflex tachy)
this is an SARI (serotonin antagonist & reuptake inhibitor). it is used for insomnia (b.c. high doses are needed for antidepressant effects) |
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Term
| mechanism of exophthalmos in Graves disease? |
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Definition
| enlargement of extraocular muscles from myositis, fibroblast proliferation, & deposition of ground substance (mucopolysaccharides) |
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Term
| how is excess copper excreted? |
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Definition
| In bile (5% is lost in urine) |
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Term
what 2 markers are sign of poor prognosis in alcoholic liver injury?
HINT: one is a plasma protein; one is a measurement that uses plasma |
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Definition
- albumin (low = bad)
- PT (factor VII deficiency is the first to appear) |
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Term
| decreased urinary stream. Nocturia, oliguria, & polyuria. |
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Definition
| BPH leading to hydronephrosis --> eventually will lead to compression atrophy of kidney |
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Term
| what is the single most important prognostic factor of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis outcome? |
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Definition
age (95% of kids will recover vs only 60% of adults)
the ones who don't recover develop RPGN |
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Term
| check out question #35 for a good picture of atherosclerosis on test #33 |
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Definition
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Term
| The "M's" for males in development |
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Definition
Males
Mullerian inhibitory factor (released from sertoli cells)
Mesonephros (this is what males keep, i.e. mesonephros = wolffian ducts) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| treatment for pulmonary HTN |
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Definition
| Bosentan: competitive antagonist for endothelin receptors |
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Term
| precursor lesion to squamous cell carcinoma? |
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Definition
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Term
Most common benign liver tumor? What does it look like on histology?
What liver tumor regresses w/ discontinuation of OCPs? |
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Definition
Cavernous hemangioma --> big cystic spaces filled with blood; DO NOT BIOPSY, it may cause fatal hemorrhage
Hepatic adenoma |
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Term
| Proximal muscle weakness, cranial nerve involvement, and autonomic symptoms in a person with a small cell lung cancer |
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Definition
| Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome |
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Term
| How is elastin cross-linked? |
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Definition
| Desmosine crosslinking: 4 separate Lysine residues of 4 different elastin molecules |
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Term
| what percentage of coronary lumen must be obstructed before symptoms of angina are seen? |
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Definition
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