Term
| What is the most important route of exposure in industry? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most important route of exposure in civilian exposure? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F Percutaneous exposure is rare but often very serious. |
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Definition
| false; it is rare and seldom serious |
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Term
| What is the Paracelcus principle of toxicology? |
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Definition
| everything is a poison, there is nothing which is not; only the dose differentiates a poison from a remedy |
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Term
| How many poisonings per year occur in the US? |
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Definition
| 4 to 5 million withaout 2.5 million reported to poison control centers |
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Term
| How many toxin exposures occur in children less than 6 each year? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percent of poisonings are intentional? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What percent of poisonings are due to therapeutic error? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of poisonings are unintentional? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the gender preference of poisonings? |
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Definition
| male predominance occurs in poison exposure victims younger than 13 years of age, but the gender distribution is reversed in teenagers and adults |
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Term
| What percent of poison exposures are due to ingestion? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the two most common modes of exposure to toxins? |
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Definition
| 75%= ingestion; 8% dermal |
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Term
| Where most toxin exposures take place? |
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Definition
| 92% in residence; 2.7% in the work place |
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Term
| For every $1 spent on funding the poison control center, an estimated ____ in health care cost is saved. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most often reported toxins? |
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Definition
| 10% due to cleaning products; 9.7% due to analgesics |
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Term
| What are the toxic exposures assocated with most deaths? |
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Definition
| 1. analgesics; 2. antidepressants; 3. stimulants/street drugs; 4. cardiovascular drugs; 5. sedative/hypnotics; 6. alcohols; 7. chemicals; 8. gases and fumes; 9. cleaning substances |
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Term
| T/F Most poison exposures do not result in clnical toxicity. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the number 1 pharmaceutical exposure reported to the AAPCC? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the leading pharmaceuticals causing fatalities reported to the AAPCC? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the number one poisonous killer that is not reflected in poison control statistics because it is not routinely reported to the poison control centers? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you determine the maximum possible amount of pills a patient could've taken? |
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Definition
| find the pill bottle they took them from and subtract the number left in the bottle from the amount originally in the bottle |
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Term
| What are important components of a physical exam targeted towards diagnosing a toxidrome? |
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Definition
| vital signs, pupils, skin, level of consciousness, odors |
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Term
| What toxins commonly cause bradycardia? |
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Definition
| Propranolol (beta blockers), poppies (opiates), anticholinesterase drugs (physostigmine), Clonidine, calcium channel blockers, ethanol/alcohols, digoxin |
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|
Term
| Which toxins can cause tachycardia? |
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Definition
| Free base (cocaine), Anticholinergics (atropine), Antihistamines (diphenhydramine), amphetamines, Sympathomimetics (cocaine), Solvent abuse, Theophylline |
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|
Term
| What toxins cause hypothermia? |
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Definition
| Carbon monoxide, Opiates, Oral hypoglycemics (insulin), Liquor (ethanol), sedative hypnotics |
|
|
Term
| What causes hyperthermia? |
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Definition
| Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, Nicotine, Antihistamines, Salicylates, Sympathomimetics, Anticholinergics, Antidepressants |
|
|
Term
| What drugs cause hypotension? |
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Definition
| Clonidine, Calcium channel blockers, Ramipril (antihypertensive), Antidepressants, Aminophylline, Sedative hypnotic, Heroin (opiates) |
|
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Term
| What toxins cause hypertension? |
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Definition
| Cocaine, Thyroid medications, Sympathomimetics, Caffiene, Anticholinergics, Amphetamines, Nicotine |
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|
Term
| What toxins can cause hypoventilation? |
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Definition
| Sedative hypnotics, Liquor, Opiates, Weed (marijuana) |
|
|
Term
| What toxins cause hyperventilation? |
|
Definition
| PCP, Pneumonitis (chemical), ASA (salicylate), Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema, Toxic metabolic acidosis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Cholinergics, Clonidine, Opiates, Organophosphates, Phenothiazine, Pilocarpine, Pontine bleed, Sedative hypnotic |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| antihistamines, antidepressants, anticholinergics, atropine, sympathomimetics (cocaine, amphetamines) |
|
|
Term
| What braod categories of things cause seizures? |
|
Definition
| adrenergic stimulation, cholinergic inhibition, abrupt withdrawal from certain drugs, trauma/infections/hypoglycemia/hypoxia |
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|
Term
| What drugs cause seizures? |
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Definition
| organophosphates, tricyclic antidepressants, INH/Insulin, Sympathomimetics, Camphor, Cocaine, Amphetamines, Methylxanthines, Phencyclidine, Benzodiazepine withdrawal, Botanicals, Ethanol withdrawal, Lead, Lithium, Lidocaine, Lindane |
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|
Term
| What toxidromes cause diaphoresis? |
|
Definition
| Sympathomimetics, Organophosphates, ASA (salicylates), PCP |
|
|
Term
| What toxidromes cause blisters? |
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Definition
| barbiturates, CO, sedative hypnotics, snake/spider bites |
|
|
Term
| Red skin can be caused by what toxins? |
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Definition
| anticholinergics, boric acid, carbon monoxide |
|
|
Term
| Blue skin can be caused by what toxins? |
|
Definition
| methemoglobinemia due to nitrates, nitrites, aniline dyes, dapsone, phenazopyridine |
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|
Term
| The smell of bitter almonds is associated with what toxidrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The smell of mothballs is associated with what toxidrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The smell of garlic is associated with what toxidromes? |
|
Definition
| organophosphates, arsenic, DMSO |
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|
Term
| The smell of peanuts is associated with which toxidrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The smell of carrots is associated with what toxidrome? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What toxidromes are associated with the smell of rotten eggs? |
|
Definition
| sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide |
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|
Term
| What toxin is associated with the smell of wintergreen? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What toxidrome is associated with the smell of gasoline? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What toxidromes are associated with a fruity smell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What toxidrome is associated with pears? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Describe the cholinergic toxidrome symptoms. |
|
Definition
| diarrhea, diaphoresis, urination, miosis, bradycardia, bronchosecretions, emesis, lacrimation, salivation |
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|
Term
| Name some toxins that cause muscarinic type cholinergic toxidromes. |
|
Definition
| organophosphates, carbamate insecticides, acetylcholine, betel nuts, pilocarpine, some species of mushrooms |
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|
Term
| T/F Children can get cholinergic syndrome through cutaneous exposure to organophosphates. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What toxins cause the nicotinic type of cholinergic toxidrome? |
|
Definition
| organophosphates, tobacco, black widow spider venom |
|
|
Term
| What are the presenting symptoms of nicotinic type cholinergic toxidrome? |
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Definition
| tachycardia, hypertension, muscle fasculations, seizures, and muscle weakness |
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|
Term
| Describe the anticholinergic toxidrome symptoms. |
|
Definition
| hyperthermia, dry skin, flushed, mydriasis, delirium, tachycardia, urinary retention |
|
|
Term
| Name some drugs taht cause anticholinergic toxidromes. |
|
Definition
| cyclic antidepressants, antihistamines, belladonna alkaloids (atropine), scopolamine, phenothiazine, glycopyrrolate, plants (jimson weed, nightshade, mushrooms) |
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|
Term
| What is the presentation of sympathomimetic toxidrome? |
|
Definition
| mydriasis, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, seizures (CNS excitation), agitation, confusion/delusions, piloerection |
|
|
Term
| Name some drugs that cause sympathomimetic toxidrome. |
|
Definition
| amphetamines, caffiene, cocaine, ecstasy, (aminophylline, dopamine, ephedrine, epinephrine, fenfluramine, methylphenidate, phencyclidine, pseudoephedrine, theophylline, LSD, phenylpropanolamine) |
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|
Term
| What other toxidromes does sympathomimetic toxidrome resemble? |
|
Definition
| withdrawal and anticholinergic toxidromes |
|
|
Term
| What's the difference between sympathomimetic toxidrome and anticholinergic toxidrome? |
|
Definition
| diaphoresis and bowel sounds are present in sympathomimetic toxidrome; dry skin and absent bowel sounds are present in anticholinergic toxidrome |
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|
Term
| Describe the presentation of narcotic/opiate toxidrome. |
|
Definition
| miosis, bradycardia, hypotension, hypoventilation, coma, confusion, sedation, hyporeflexia |
|
|
Term
| What toxins cause narcotic/opiate toxidrome? |
|
Definition
| codeine, diphenoxylate, fentanyl, heroin, morphine, methadone, oxycodone, pentazocine, hydrocodone |
|
|
Term
| What drug causes a narcotic/opiate toxidrome only with dilated pupils? |
|
Definition
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