Term
| What type of study measures exposure & outcome simultaneously? |
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Definition
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Term
| PaCO2 = 1.5x[HCO3] + 8 (+/- 2) |
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Definition
Winter's formula
If Respiratory compensation isn't adequate in metabolic acidosis (e.g. DKA), then you must worry about respiratory depression |
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Term
| AML with DIC? What is the translocation? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does viridans group strep cause bacterial endocarditis? |
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Definition
It synthesizes dextran mesh from sucrose (same mechanism that it adheres to teeth & causes carries) which adheres to fibrin in a fibrin clot
Thus, S.viridans requires endothelial damage to cause endocarditis. Previous damage to the valves will lead to collagen exposure --> fibrin adherence --> viridans attachment. This is a major concern in pts with valvular damage that undergo dental procedures |
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Term
| What additional drug would you put someone with CHF on besides HCTZ & an aspirin |
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Definition
beta blocker (esp carvedilol) --> has been shown to significantly reduce mortality & increase event-free survival.
Beta blockers are recommended for all cases of compensated heart failure, and even in some cases of decompensated. This is a switch in dogma, which used to say B-blockers were contraindicated in CHF)
The drugs that have been proven are carvedilol > metoprolol~bisoprolol. B-blockers w/ intrinsic sympathomimmetic activity (e.g. acebutolol & pindolol) should be AVOIDED. |
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Term
| Charcot marie tooth disease etiology? Presentation? |
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Definition
Mutation in genes responsible for the synthesis of myelin (e.g. duplication of PRPP2 --> demyelination); Inherited in an AD fashion
Usually presents as a common fibular (peroneal) palsy (e.g. foot drop). Pts have a high arch, lack of muscle, & claw toes. Normal lifespan is typical (not totally debilitating) |
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Term
What are the mediators of acid secretions in each phase?
1) cephalic (increase secretion)
2) Gastric (increase secretion)
3) Intestinal (Decrease secretion) |
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Definition
1) Vagal-mediated
2) food & stomach distension --> gastrin release --> histamine
3) Peptide YY (inhibits histamine secretion from enterochromaffin cells), Secretin, somatostatin, GIP
CCK decreases stomach emptying, not acid |
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Term
| major risk factor in bupropion? what population is especially susceptible? |
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Definition
seizures; bulimics (but everyone is, just bulimics are esp @ risk for whatever reason)
Drugs with significant seizure risk:
- Bupropion
- INH (if given without B6)
- Imipenem |
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Term
common SE of these three drugs:
- Bupropion
- INH (given without B6)
- Imipenem |
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Definition
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Term
| What sugar completely bypasses the PFK1 step (rate-limiting step of glycolysis)? |
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Definition
fructose-1-phosphate
aldolase B takes F1P & produces DHAP & Glyceraldehyde (liver only. Other tissues just put a phosphate on it, which is dangerous in its own regard b.c. it can deplete Pi, and cause unregulated glycolysis & lactic acidosis in liver & muscle) |
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Term
| impaired intestinal absorption of lysine, arginine, ornithine, & cystine. What is a major concern? |
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Definition
| Renal stones (cystine stones) |
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Term
| Hib vaccine includes toxoid/surface antigen to induce what part of the immune response? |
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Definition
| Ig class switching & memory B-cell production. Also causes T-cell response (cell mediated) |
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Term
| slowly expanding, retroperitoneal hematoma after trauma? |
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Definition
pancreatic damage
damage to abdominal aorta would create a rapidly-expanding retroperitoneal bleed |
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Term
| L-cystine supplementation of charcoal-yeast extract agar |
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Definition
L.pneumonia
beware water-based cooling systems |
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Term
| 2 HIV "entry inhibitor" and their MOA |
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Definition
Enfuvirtide: binds Gp41 --> prevents viral penetration (fusion)
Maraviroc: binds CCR5 --> prevents interaction w/ Gp120 --> inhibits viral attachment |
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Term
| best way to increase HDL? |
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Definition
| niacin (diet & exercise are good, but not the best): decreases liver VLDL secretion & adipose lipolysis |
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Term
| The peptidoglycan coat of a G(+) bacteria protects it against osmotic stress. What type of antibiotic would cause a G(+) bacteria to explode when incubated in a hypotonic solution |
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Definition
| Beta-lactam antibiotic (e.g. penicillin, cephalosporin) |
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Term
| why is thiopental so short acting? |
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Definition
| after equilibrium with the brain, it is rapidly redistributed to the skeletal muscle |
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Term
| Hemostatic disorder in person who is uremic? |
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Definition
| Qualitative platelet disorder. PT, aPTT and platelet counts are all normal |
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Term
| Skin disorder associated w/ sarcoidosis |
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Definition
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Term
| recurrent pulmonary infections with bilateral absence of vas deferens |
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Definition
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Term
| retardation, hypopigmntation (including substatia nigra/basal ganglia), & mousy odor |
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Definition
| phenylketonuria; caused by phenylalanine hydroxylase or dihydrobiopterin reductase |
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Term
| Endocrine disorder with fatigue, weight gain, & elevated CK |
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Definition
hypothyroidism (mostly CK-MM)
other causes of elevated CK:
- statins
- autoimmune (poly/dermatomyositis)
- muscular dystrophies (duchenne) |
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Term
vasculitis associated w/ polymyalgia rheumatica
PR = bilateral stiffness of shoulder & pelvic girdle, fever, weight loss, & increased ESR |
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Definition
| temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis) |
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Term
| PEG is what type of laxative? |
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Definition
| osmotic laxitive (similar to lactase deficiency); Mg-containing laxatives are also osmotic |
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Term
| Dialysis pt has tingling in her first 3 fingers |
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Definition
carpal tunnel syndrome associated w/ dialysis-associated amyloidosis
other causes of carpal tunnel:
- repetitive motions
- hypothyroidism
- diabetes mellitus
- rheumatoid arthritis
- dialysis-associated amyloidosis (beta2-microglobulin) |
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