Term
for AR disease:
- father is affected
- Mother has 2 heterozygous parents
what is the probability that their child will have the disease? |
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Definition
1/3
Mother: 2/3 chance that she is a heterozygote (she isn't affected, thus the homozygous possibility is eliminated)
Father: 100% he will pass on the trait
P=1*(2/3)*(1/2) = 1/3 |
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Term
| 46XY has leydig cells but no sertoli cells. What's the phenotype |
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Definition
externally male w/ internal mullerian structures (no MIF from sertoli)
SRY codes for Testes-differentiating factor (TDF) --> Development of testes from indifferent gonad
Sertoli cells --> MIF production --> regression of mullerian structures (e.g. uterus)
Leydig cells --> Testosterone --> development of male external genetalia |
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Term
| What part of the immune system does a killed viral vaccine (e.g. seasonal flu vaccin) activate to protect against infection? |
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Definition
Humoral (production of antibodies against HA --> prevent viral entry)
these vaccines do not produce a cell-mediated response |
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Term
| bursa affected in "housemaids knee" (i.e. excessive kneeling) |
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Definition
| prepatellar bursitis (knee pain, erythema, swelling, & inability to kneel on affected side) |
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Term
This muscle originates on the anterior surface of the transverse processes & lateral surface of vertebral body.
it extends from T12-L5
it flexes the thigh @ the hip |
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Definition
Psoas
NOTE: quadratus lumborum is lateral to this muscle |
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Term
Name the vertebral level that each of these arteries leave the Aorta:
- Celiac
- SMA
- Renal
- Gonadal
- IMA
- Bifurcation |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe a functional mitral regurge |
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Definition
| regurge that occurs due to ventricular dilation --> completely reversible with decrease of preload (e.g. diuretics) |
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Term
| Standing up vs Lying down will cause mitral prolapse click to follow closer to S1 or S2? |
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Definition
S1 (decrease preload --> more chorda tendineae laxity --> earlier prolapse)
the murmur is accentuated by things that decrease preload (stand, valsalva); also increased by increased afterload (handgrip, same reasoning as mitral regurge) |
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Term
Drug A has no effect on its own
Drug B has effect
Drug A+B has more effect than just drug B
What effect does Drug A have on Drug B? |
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Definition
Drug A has a "permissive" effect on drug B
(e.g. cortisol has a permissive effect on catecholamines by increasing catecholamine receptors)
(ASIDE: tachyphylaxis is loss of effecacy with repeated administration (e.g. alpha blocker for nasal congestion) |
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Term
anovulation treated with these two drugs:
1) menotropin
2) Large dose of hCG
what does each one do? |
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Definition
Menotropins: FSG analog --> formation of dominant follicle
hCG: LH analog --> simulate LH surge --> rupture of egg
ASIDE: menotropins are actually purified from the urine of postmenopausal women (expected to have very high FSH levels) |
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Term
| A antihypertensive med that exacerbates hypoglycemia & masks its symptoms |
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Definition
Beta-blockers
They inhibit the epi/NE-mediated compensatory reactions to hypoglycemia (e.g. tremor palpitation)
Also: Beta2 blockade inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis & peripheral glycogenolysis & lipolysis
(ASIDE: beta-2 does increase insulin secretion, but this is a very minor mechanism, and nothing compared to the inhibitory effects of alpha-2 receptors) |
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Term
| What do P-bodies do to mRNA |
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Definition
P bodies are cytosolic proteins that play an important role in transcription regulation & mRNA degradation
They seem to be a form of "mRNA storage" --> saved for release later
Also participate in nonsense-mediated decay |
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Term
| Calcium oxalate crystals, tubular epithelium vacuolization/damage, anion gap metabolic acidosis w/ ingesting of this substance |
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Definition
Ethylene glycol
also get increased serum osmolar gap (seen w/ alcohols, non-glucose sugars, hypertriglyceridemia, hypergammaglobulinemia) |
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Term
| This cellular receptor binds fibronectin, collagen, and laminin |
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Definition
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Term
| this bacteria becomes pathogenic when it acquires the "Tox" gene via lysogenization by a temperate bacteriophage |
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Definition
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
the "Tox" gene is an AB exotoxin |
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Term
| Bugs associated w/ post-influenzal bacterial pneumonia? |
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Definition
| S.pneumoniae > S.aureus > H.flu |
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Term
| amiodarone & sotalol will do what to the QT interval? |
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Definition
| prolong it (class III antiarrhythmics block K+ channel) |
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Term
First dose hypotension is seen with this drug, and is potentiated by concurrent:
hyponatremia, hypovolemia (diuretics), low baseline BP, high RAA levels, renal impairment, and heart failure |
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Definition
ACEi
NOTE: Alpha-blockers (e.g. prazosin) are most notorious for producing the first-dose hypotension effect |
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Term
this cancer goes to:
- virchow's node
- Sister Mary Joseph nodule (periumbilical region)
- ovary |
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Definition
Gastric carcinoma
"Intestinal type" goes to SMJ nodule
"Diffuse type" goes to ovaries ("krukenberg tumor")
Both types go to virchow's node, as well as any tumor coming form the viscera (e.g. pancreatic, colon, etc) |
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Term
name what happens @ each time period of an MI
1) 0-4hrs
2) 4-12
3) 12-24
4) 1-5 days
5) 5-10
6) 10-14
7) 2 weeks - 2 months |
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Definition
1) minimal change
2) Edema, hemorrhage, wavy fibuers
3) Contraction bands
4) Neutrophil infiltrate
5) Macrophage phagocytosis of dead cells
6) Granulation tissue (neovascularization)
7) collagen deposition/scar formation |
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Term
| IgA leukocytoclastic vasculitis (w/ C3 deposition), abdominal pain, & polyarthralgia |
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Definition
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Term
| child with recurrent otitis (bacterial), bronchiolitis (viral), candidiasis, & poor growth |
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Definition
SCID (both T & B cell aplasia)
see hypogammaglobulinemia & thymic aplasia
- most cases are caused by IL2 receptor (X-linked; common gamma chain of many IL receptors)
- second most common: adenosine deaminase deficiency (also X-linked; accumulation of dATP inhibits ribonucleotide reductase) |
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Term
Aplastic anemia: peripheral blood is pancytopenic
what does the bone marrow look like? |
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Definition
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Term
| Surgery --> 4 days later massive hepatitis? |
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Definition
hepatic necrosis induced by halogenated anesthetics
Direct liver injury by halothane metabolites & formation of autoantibodies against liver proteins. LM shows massive centrilobular hepatic necrosis |
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