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| a party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity |
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| the selection of party candidates through the ballots of qualified voters rather than at party nominating conventions |
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| these acts removed the staffing of the bureaucracy from political parties and created a professional bureaucracy filled through competition |
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| Politics that focuses on specific issues rather than on party, candidate, or other loyalties |
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| to vote for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election |
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| Candidate-centered Politics |
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| politics that focus directly on the candidates, their particular issues, and character, rather than on party affiliation |
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| a shifting of party coalition groupings in the electorte that remains in place for sereral elections |
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| An election that signals a party realignment through voter polarization around new issues |
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| the gradual rearrangement of party coalitions, based more on demographic shifts than on shocks to the political system |
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| a group made up of interests or organizations that join forces fot the purpose of electing public officials |
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| a statement of the general and specific philosophy and policy goals of a political party, usually promulgated at the national convention |
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| Proportional Representation |
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| a voting system that apportions legislative seats according to the percentage of the vote won by a particular political party |
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| an electoral system in which the party that receives at least one more vote than any other party wins the election |
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| a party meeting held in the presidential election year for the purposes of nominating a presidential and vice presidential ticket and adopting a platform |
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| institutional collection of policy oriented researchers and academics who are sources of policy ideas |
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| the virtually unregulated money funneled through political parties for party-building purposes, such as get out the vote efforts or issue ads ; banned after 2002 |
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| funds that can be used for direct electioneering but are limited and regulated by the Federal Elections Commission |
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| a citizen's personal affinity for a political party, usually expressed by a tendency to vote for the candidates of that party |
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| a general decline in party identification and loyalty in the electorate |
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