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3rd Biology 101 Test
Ch 14 - 20
97
Biology
Undergraduate 2
11/07/2006

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Term
Pseudoephedrine
Definition
Methamphetamine is produced from the main ingredient in cold medicines, known as
Term
Neurotransmitters
Definition
All abused substances exert their effects by mimicking, or modulating the effects of
Term
Heroine
Definition
One of the worst abused substances in modern society is derived from opium and is known as
Term
Morphine
Definition
The active ingredient in heroine is
Term
Opium
Definition
Indicated by cave paintings dating to 879 B.C., humans have been using __________ for many centuries.
Term
Nucleus accumbans
Definition
Robert Heath discovered the pleasure center of the brain to be located in a group of neurons known as the
Term
Endorphin
Definition
Hans Kusterlitz discovered a natural brain chemical that has the same biological function as morphine, known as __________.
Term
Receptor
Definition
Morphine from heroine and endorphin both bind to the same type of neural __________.
Term
Dopamine
Definition
Stimulation of the pleasure center of the brain results in the release of a particular neurotransmitter known as __________.
Term
Sexual desire
Definition
The most well known function of dopamine is its production of the pleasure that is associated with fulfillment of hunger and __________.
Term
VTA
Definition
The part of the brain associated with the emotional fulfillment sensation caused by dopamine is the __________.
Term
High
Definition
Drugs like methamphetamine cause neurons of the VTA to release dopamine at very __________ levels.
Term
Receptors
Definition
Cocaine results in an increase in dopamine levels in the synapses by binding to, and thus blocking the action of, dopamine __________.
Term
Euphoria or pleasure
Definition
Both cocaine and methamphetamine increase dopamine levels, resulting in a sense of __________.
Term
Increase
Definition
When a person falls in love, the brain experiences an __________in dopamine levels.
Term
Norepinephrine or noradrenalin
Definition
The sweaty palms and flushed cheeks that accompany falling in love ultimately result from the neurotransmitter known as __________.
Term
Chocolate
Definition
Phenylethylamine is a neurotransmitter involved in love and is also found in __________.
Term
Limbic system or midbrain
Definition
The neurological process of falling in love occurs in the part of the brain known as the __________.
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
Long-term relationships are maintained by the production of a neurotransmitter known as __________.
Term
Substantia nigra
Definition
Parkinson’s Disease results from decreased dopamine production by neurons of the __________.
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
Dopamine also plays a role in a serious mental disorder characterized by personality changes, hallucinations and psychotic behaviors, known as __________.
Term
Thorazine
Definition
The pharmacological treatment for schizophrenia is, a drug that blocks dopamine receptors, known as __________.
Term
Thorazine
Definition
The pharmacological treatment for schizophrenia is, a drug that blocks dopamine receptors, known as __________.
Term
Decrease
Definition
Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is caused in part by a marked __________ in dopamine levels in the brain.
Term
Attention deficit hyperactive disorder or ADHD
Definition
A developmental disorder characterized by hyperactivity, forgetfulness, mood shifts, poor impulse control and distractibility is known as __________.
Term
subconscious
Definition
Our agression, feelings of insecurity, resentment and other personality traits are tied to ________ thoughs.
Term
serotonin
Definition
where a person becomes excited, dopamine and norephinephrine are release into the synaptic clefts, and ___ is secreted into the same area to counter the actions of the 2 neurotransmitters
Term
small
Definition
If a person's brain produces ___ amounts of serotonin, the neuronal excitation cannot be controlled
Term
Serotonin reuptake transporters
Definition
Prozac or fluoxetine works by blocking the ________
Term
serotonin
Definition
Patients who suffer clinical depression have a shortage of _____ in their synaptic clefts
Term
increase
Definition
if you block the uptake of serotonin, the concentration of serotonin in the synapse will _______
Term
LSD
Definition
The illegal drug ______ was amde famous in the 1960's and it causes hallucinations by mimiking the actions of serotonin
Term
somatosensory
Definition
the ____ cotex contains a map of the entire body and after a perdson has undergone amputation of a limb, the region that represents that limb no longer recieves any information.
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
the insecticide blocks the enzyme acetylcholinesterase whick leads to the hyperactivity of the _____ neurons
Term
acetylcholine
Definition
During an emotional event, the hypothalamus nuerons will release ____ which will in turn initiate the flight or fight response
Term
epilepsy
Definition
in the condition knows as ____, seizures of any type will repeatedly occur unprovoked
Term
temperal
Definition
____ lobe seizures can elicit religious or mystical experiences.
Term
patrilocal
Definition
chimps live in fmaily groups with male-kin societies where the females are forced to leave the group once reaching adulthood, a social structure known as a __________ society
Term
98.5%
Definition
hunmans and chimps have genomes of nearly the same size and share DNA sequences similarity of ______
Term
5.8
Definition
the earliest fossils with human-like features date back to ___million years ago
Term
bipedalism
Definition
walking upright is a type of locomotion known as _____
Term
savanna
Definition
the most widely accepted hypothese for the volution of bipedalism is the _____ hypothesis
Term
6
Definition
how many different human species evolved and then went extinct
Term
erectus
Definition
the first human species to leave Africa was homo ______
Term
neandertals
Definition
the population in N. Europe evolved into the ____ during the ice age
Term
homo sapiens
Definition
the population in S Africa evolved into the __________ during the ice age
Term
10,000
Definition
due to the drought in Africa the homo sapien population was reduced to less then __________
Term
bottleneck
Definition
the phenomenon in which an entire population is the descendants of only a few individulas is known as a genetic __________
Term
mitochondrial
Definition
the discovery of human genetic bottleneck was made by studying human ________ DNA
Term
Africa
Definition
Every modern human evolved from a small group of homo sapiens that originated on the continent of _________
Term
99.9%
Definition
When comparing the genomes of any two humans from any part of the world, their DNA sequences are ____ identical
Term
Out Of Africa or Replacement
Definition
The hypothesis that suggest that modern homo sapiens left Africa and out competed all the other human species to extinction is the _____ Model
Term
Reginal Continuity or Multi-Regional Evolution
Definition
the hypothese that suggest that local population evolved into humans and subsequent interbreeding with African migrants led to the genetic homogeneity of modern humans is known as the _______ Model
Term
Bristlcone pine tree, 4600
Definition
The oldest living oranism on Earth is the _____ whish is estimated at _____ years old
Term
50, technological
Definition
In the early 20th century the life expectancy was ____ years olf and today is much greater, which can be attirbuted to _____ advances
Term
sperm, egg
Definition
ICSI is a fertilization technique where ____ is directly injected into the ____
Term
blastocyst
Definition
forming the ___ is the first step of the lify cycle
Term
sperm, egg
Definition
the giant clam releases ___ first into the ocean and waits 30 mins before releasing the ____, this helps to avoid self-fertilization
Term
eggs, land
Definition
the christmas island crabs make a trip to the shore to lay their ___ in the ocean even though they reside on ___
Term
uterus
Definition
placental mammals evolved a _____ which allows them to develop a fertilized egg into a fully formed animal
Term
placenta
Definition
after fetilization the embryo attaches to the uterus and produces the ___ which will trnasfer the nutrients gained from the mother to the fetus
Term
life span
Definition
the maximum ___ ____ represents the biological limit of a species
Term
tuberculosis
Definition
the number one infectious agent in the world that causes death in adults is ________
Term
1940's
Definition
antibiotics, chemicals used for treatment of infections suchs as TB, were not used until the ___
Term
Alexander Fleming
Definition
Antibiotics were discovered in 1928 by ____
Term
Microscope
Definition
bacteria were first observed by Anton van Leeuwenhock in 1673 when he fashioned the first _____
Term
Eukaryotic
Definition
plants and animals are composed of ____ cells
Term
prokaryotic
Definition
bacterial cells are examples of ____ cells
Term
oxygen
Definition
large amounts of waste dumped into rivers causes some microbes to grow to huge numbers, which depleted the dissolved ______ in the water
Term
Endosymbiosis
Definition
mitochondria and chloroplasts are prokaryotic cells that were taken up and now reside in eukaryotic cells as organelles, a process known as _________
Term
90%
Definition
Of all the biomass in the ocean, it is estimated that _____ is microbial
Term
extremophiles
Definition
archaebacteria, a group of organisms that can survive in extreme conditions, are also known as _____
Term
bioleaching
Definition
microbes can be used to extract metals from ore, a process known as ______
Term
coma
Definition
a period of unconsciousness that lasts over an hour, during which the patient's eyes are closed
Term
bilateral
Definition
body plan that allows humans and animals to be so successful
Term
morphological
Definition
classification system developed by Carolus Linnaeus which distinguishes among species based on _____ traits
Term
collagen
Definition
proteins which act as glue to hold dells together
Term
porifera
Definition
this protein was first used by the group of animals known scientifically
Term
cell differentiation
Definition
although sponges have no muscle, no neurons, and no brain, they do have specialized cells for eating and moving water, this is known as _______
Term
actin, myosin
Definition
the two types of proteins which enable muscles to contract are ____ and ____
Term
nerve cells
Definition
allow the muscles to communicate using a combination of electrical impulses and chemical signals
Term
hermaphroditism
Definition
a condition in which an organism produces both eggs and sperm (ex- flatworm)
Term
mineralized
Definition
in order for biological organisms to become fossilized, the bones and tissues of an organism must become _____
Term
replacement or compression
Definition
when biological tissue such as a bone is covered by molten rock or embedded in silt and replaces by mineerals, the resulting fossil is known as _____ fossil
Term
resin
Definition
when spiders or insects are trapped in the secretions of trees and turn to amber and fossilizes them, the resulting fossils are known as ________ fossils
Term
stratigraphy
Definition
a method of determining the relative age of a fossil based on how deep it is within the sedimentary rock layers of the earth's surface is known as _______
Term
radiometric
Definition
a type of dating that determines the date of fossils by determining the ratio between parent elements and their decay products in the rock surrounding the fossil is knwo as ____ dating
Term
index
Definition
a fossil that represents a particular time period is known as an _____ fossil
Term
burgess shale
Definition
in the rocky mts of canada there is an area that is unusually rich in fossils, known as the __ ___
Term
sea or ocean
Definition
evidence suggest that the burgess shale was once a lime stone clift located in the ____
Term
550 million years
Definition
the fossils foudn in the burgess shale were dated to be roughly ____ old
Term
Cambrian
Definition
the burgess shale fossils are of organisms that lived in a geological period known as the _____ period
Term
body plans
Definition
during the cambrian explosion, all current animal ___ ____ evolved
Term
sponges
Definition
the first multicellular organisms on earth were ____
Term
bilateral
Definition
ancestral flatworms were the first organisms to develop a ___ body plan
Term
oxygen
Definition
one hypothesis for the cause of the Cambrian explosion is that animals were able to evolve because a proper level of atmospheric ___ had been achieved
Term
cambrian explosion
Definition
the huge explosion in evolution of new body plans documented in the burgess shale is known as the ___ _____
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