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3802
Circulation
67
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/29/2009

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Integumentary System

Functions

Definition

§         Protection, barrier

§         Insulation

§         Receives sensory stimuli

§         Controls heat regulation

§         Excretion

§         Method of medication administration

§         Displays emotions and physical identity

 

 

Term

 

Healing Processes:

Definition

  Regeneration

  Repair

Term
Regeneration
Definition

     Replacement of lost cells & tissues with cells of the same type

 

no scar, like a scratch

Term

Tissue Repair

Definition

     Healing as a result of lost cells being replaced by connective tissue

     Occurs by primary, secondary, or tertiary intention

Term

Factors Delaying
Wound Healing

Definition

      Nutritional deficiencies-protein, vitamin, a c, zinc

      Inadequate blood supply

      Corticosteroid drugs

      Infection-get rid of it first for it to heal

      Mechanical friction- granulation is fragile

      Obesity

      Diabetes mellitus

      Poor general health

      Anemia- less oxygen without hemogloblin

smoking -vasoconsctrictive

age

Term
primary intention
Definition
scar, larger sowable some granulation
Term
secondary intention
Definition
deep wound with infection
Term
age related cahnges
Definition
  • thining of dermal layers
  • decreased elastility
  • decreased sensation
  • less padding over bony prominences
Term

Nursing Care to Promote
Wound Healing

Definition

Use Precautions w/

Drug Therapy

     Antibiotic Resistance

     MRSA (staph), VRE 

Nutritional Therapy- high fluid, high protein

Vital signs, fever

 

Rest & Immobilization-helps but not too immobile

Elevation-in the event of edema

Oxygenation

Heat & Cold

Wound Management

Term

Wound Management

Definition

      Clean the wound first, usually with normal saline

      Assess the wound

     --location

     --size, (length, width, depth, extent of     tunneling)

     --drainage (type, amount, odor, color)

     --color of wound and surrounding tissue

     --assess pain associated with the wound         

Term
tunneling
Definition
wound is bigger than it looks
Term

Wound Classification
Red Color

Definition

      Red (pale pink to beefy red) – typically  indicates granulation tissue; wound is in the inflammatory or proliferative phase of wound healing;  protect the wound and keep it moist

Term

Wound Classification
Yellow Color

Definition

      Yellow (pale ivory to various shades of yellow green brown) – indicates presence of slough (dead but moist tissue);  actively generates wound fluid and may need to be debrided;  may need treatment of infection

Term

Wound Classification
Black Color

Definition

      Black ( black/brown, tan) – indicates the presence of dead tissue that is dehydrated;  may be covered with eschar (black leather);  the wound cannot be assessed until the eschar is removed;  eschar is an excellent medium for bacterial proliferation. 

Term
Is there necrotic tissue? 
Definition

Necrotic tissue should be removed (an exception -- the heel) 

Term
surgical debridement
Definition
most of the time, cut away dead tissue
Term

mechanical debridement (wet to moist dressing change)

Definition
8 hours, pulls out unhealthy tissue
Term
autolytic debridement
Definition
allows body to debride the wound
Term
enzymatic debridement
Definition
chemical, creams and ointments on wound
Term
biological debridement
Definition
maggot therapy
Term

Is there infection?

Definition

Taking a wound culture – Nursing – swab culture;  MD looks up tissue biopsy

clean with saline then swab

 

Treatment:  oral or IV, and/or topical

Term
serus
Definition
clear
Term
perulent
Definition
thick yellow
Term
sanguiness
Definition
bright red, indicates bleeding
Term
seroseguinist
Definition
pink red, thinner
Term

Pressure Ulcers

Definition

      Other terms: pressure sore, bedsore, decubitus ulcer

      Caused by compression of soft tissue between two hard surfaces

      Occlusion of capillary closing pressure

      Tissues become ischemic and die

      Factors:  pressure intensity;  pressure duration;  tissue tolerance

Term

Risk Factors for Development of Pressure Ulcers

Definition

      Decreased mobility

      Decreased sensory perception

      Fecal and/or urinary incontinence

      Poor nutrition

      Tools to assess risk

Term

Interventions for Prevention

Definition

      Assess skin

      Reposition pt at least every 2 hours;  individualize the repositioning schedule

      Keep bony prominences from direct contact with each other

 

 

      Relieve pressure on heels

      Limit time HOB ↑

      On side, avoid pressure on trochanter

      Consider pressure relieving device (ex. air mattress)

Term

Interventions for Prevention

Definition

      Minimize skin exposure to moisture

      Avoid massage over bony prominences; it can increase tissue damage

      Use lifting device or linen to lift patient to avoid shearing pressure

      Avoid agents that dry the skin

      In chair, shift weight every 15 minutes

      Evaluate nutrition

      Evaluate mobility

      Consult PT or OT as indicated

Term

     Arterial ulcer

Definition
problems w/ arterial circulation
Term
venous ulcer
Definition
not adequate venous return causes edema
Term
principles of wound vac
Definition
  • minimize trauma
  • support moist wound bed
  • support bodys defense system
  • non-toxic wound cleansures
  • remove infectin, debris, necrotic tissue
  • protect surrounding tissue
Term
stages of pressure ulcer
Definition
  • does it blanch?
  • crater. top layer of skin broken
  • subcutaneous, larger deeper
  • beyond faschia bone
  •  
Term

Bone Marrow

Definition

     The soft material that fills the core of bones

     Site of production of blood cells

     All blood cells develop from a common stem cell

Term

Blood

 

Functions:

Definition

§           Transportation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste products

§           Regulation of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

§           Protective role – coagulation and fighting infections

Term

Blood Cells

Definition

     Erythrocytes – RBCs

     Leukocytes – WBCs

     Thrombocytes –

            platelets

Term

Red Blood Cells

Definition

     Transport of gases and maintenance of acid-base balance

     Hemoglobin

     Erythopoiesis

     Reticulocyte

     Hemolysis

Term

White Blood Cells

Definition

     Neutrophils

     Basophils

     Eosinophils

     Lymphocytes

     Monocytes

Term

Thrombocytes

Definition

     Platelets

     Blood clotting

Term

Spleen

Definition

     Produces RBCs during fetal development

     Filters out old RBCs

     Filters out microorganisms

     Stores lymphocytes and monocytes

     Stores platelets

Term

Lymph System

Definition

      Carries lymph fluid from the interstitial spaces to the blood

      Removes proteins and fat from the GI tract to the circulatory system

      Returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood

Lymph nodes are clumps of lymphatic tissue
Term
Liver
Definition

     Acts as a filter

     Produces all the clotting factors necessary for homeostasis and blood coagulation

Term

Anemia

Definition

     A deficiency in the number of RBCs, the quantity of hemoglobin, and /or the volume of packed RBCs.

     Can lead to tissue hypoxia

Not a disease, determined by lab findings
Term

Anemia

Causes

Definition

           Erythrocyte production

           Blood loss

           Erythrocyte destruction

Term

Clinical Manifestations
depend on severity

Definition

      Mild anemia – Hemoglobin 10-14

      Moderate – Hemoglobin 6-10

      Severe – Hemoglobin less than 6

Mild to moderate:

       Pale, palpitations, exertional dyspnea

Severe:

       Tachycardia, impaired thought processes, weight loss, lethargy, anorexia

Term

Common in older adults

Definition

            Chronic disease

            Poor nutrition

            Aging?

Term

Oxygenation:  Perfusion

Cardiac System

 

 

Definition

Heart layers

     Heart structure

     Conduction system

Heart layers

     Heart structure

     Conduction system

 

Valves

Coronary circulation

Cardiac output

 

 

Term

Oxygenation: Perfusion

The Vascular System

Definition

     Specific conditions:  hypertension, syncope, fatigue

     Nursing Care of the Patient with Cardiovascular Problems

Term

Cardiac Output

Definition

      The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute

      In the resting adult = 4 to 8 Liters

      A function of two factors, HR and SV

      Stroke volume is the amount of blood the heart ejects with each beat

      CO = HR X SV

Term
Preload
Definition

the amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole, before the next contraction;  relates to amount of “stretch” and amount of contractility

Term
Afterload
Definition
the peripheral resistance against which the left ventricle must pump
Term

Vascular System

Definition

     Distribution of blood flow

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

     Tissue perfusion

     Blood

Term

Tissue Perfusion

Definition

      The flow of blood through the body tissues

      How to assess:  skin temperature; color of skin, mucus membranes, nailbeds;  capillary refill;  palpation of pulses;  edema;  hair distribution;  blood pressure

Term

Factors Affecting Cardiovascular Function

Definition

     Cigarette smoking

     High blood pressure

     Nutrition

     Lack of exercise

     Diabetes

     Obesity

     Family History

     Medications

     Stress

     Aging

Term

Effects of Aging

Definition

Normal changes promote atherosclerosis, hypertension, and cardiac failure.

↓ cardiac contractility

↓ cardiac response to ↑ work

valve incompetence

↓ number of pacemaker cells

↑ blood pressure

Term
CAD
(Coronary Artery Disease
Definition

      Unmodifiable Risk Factors

     age

     gender

     ethnicity

     genetic inheritance 

      Modifiable Risk Factors

     ↑ lipids

     hypertension

     smoking

     obesity

     physical activity

Contributing

     diabetes

     stress

Term

Hypertension

Definition

      BP = CO X SVR

      90-95% is Primary Hypertension – without identified cause

New definition of

   ñ BP, per AHA

Prehypertension – BPs between 120-139/80-90

Likely to develop ↑BP

Lifestyle changes can help

 

 

Term

Fatigue

Definition

      Subjective sensation ð loss of endurance

      Frequently indicates a worsening of the chronic cardiac process

      Use scale 1-10 to assess

Term

Syncope

Definition

      Brief loss of consciousness

      May be “vasovagal,” due to cardiac arrhythmia, or orthostatic hypotension

      Needs cardiac workup

Term

Data Collection

Objective Data

Definition

      Vital Signs

      Inspection/Palpation

     Skin color & temperature, abnormal skin findings (pg 698 M-S), hair distribution, venous blood flow, extremities

   Capillary refill

   Pulses

   Edema

      Auscultation

Term

Diagnostic Tests and Procedures

Definition

      Chest x-ray

      EKG

      Cardiac monitoring

      Exercise treadmill test

      Echocardiogram

      Nuclear cardiology

      Cardiac catheterization

Term

Diagnostic Lab Tests

Definition

Cardiac enzymes

     CK-MB

     Myoglobin

     Troponin

 

 

 

Serum lipids

     Cholesterol

            HDL

            LDL

     Triglycerides

Term

Findings That May Indicate Cardiovascular Problems

Definition

     Chest pain

     Fluid retention

     Irregular heartbeat

     Fatigue

     Syncope

 

     Tenderness in calf

     Altered neurologic function

 

Term

Nursing Interventions for Altered Cardiovascular Function

Definition

      CV assessment

      Client teaching to modify risk factors

      Reduce edema (peripheral/fluid in lungs)

      Prevent venous stasis (concern about DVT)

      Diet teaching

      Positioning

      Pain management

      Increase activity/energy conservation.

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