ankyl/o: Stiff, bent Example: Ankylosis - Abnormal stiffening and immobility of a joint due to fusion of the bones, often caused by injury or disease.

arthr/o: Joint Example: Arthritis – Inflammation of a joint, often resulting in pain, swelling, and stiffness, which can be caused by aging, autoimmune disorders, or injury.

carp/o: Carpals, wrist Example: Carpectomy - Surgical removal of a carpal bone, typically performed to relieve pain or improve wrist function.

chondr/o: Cartilage Example: Chondromalacia - Softening of cartilage, commonly affecting the knee and leading to pain and swelling during movement.

clavic/o, clavicul/o: Clavicle, collarbone Example: Clavicectomy - Excision of the clavicle, usually performed to treat severe fractures or chronic pain.

cost/o: Ribs Example: Costochondritis – Inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum, causing localized chest pain that can mimic heart-related conditions.

crani/o: Cranium Example: Craniotomy - Surgical incision into the cranium to access the brain for procedures such as tumor removal or trauma management.

electr/o: Electricity; electrical activity Example: Electromyography - A diagnostic test that records the electrical activity of muscles to detect neuromuscular disorders.

fasci/o: Fascia Example: Fasciotomy - A surgical incision into fascia to relieve tension or pressure, often used to treat compartment syndrome.

fibr/o: Fibrous connective tissue Example: Fibromyalgia - A condition characterized by widespread pain in fibrous tissues and muscles, often accompanied by fatigue and sleep disturbances.

kinesi/o: Movement, motion Example: Kinesiology - The study of movement and how the body’s muscles, bones, and joints work together to produce motion.

kyph/o: Increased convexity of the spine Example: Kyphosis - Excessive outward curvature of the spine, leading to a hunched posture, commonly seen in older adults.

lamin/o: Lamina (thin, flat plate or layer) Example: Laminectomy - Surgical removal of a portion of the vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves.

leiomy/o: Smooth (visceral) muscle that lines the walls of internal organs Example: Leiomyoma - A benign tumor of smooth muscle, often found in the uterus where it is commonly referred to as a fibroid.

lord/o: Bent forward, increased concavity of the spine Example: Lordosis - Excessive inward curvature of the spine, commonly affecting the lower back and sometimes leading to pain.

lumb/o: Loin, lumbar region of the spine Example: Lumbodynia - Pain in the lumbar region, often caused by muscle strain, injury, or degenerative conditions.

mandibul/o: Mandible, lower jaw bone Example: Mandibular - Pertaining to the mandible, the largest and strongest bone of the face that holds the lower teeth.

maxill/o: Maxilla, upper jaw bone Example: Maxillofacial - Pertaining to the maxilla and face, often referring to surgeries or treatments involving the upper jaw and facial structures.

menisc/o: Meniscus, crescent Example: Meniscectomy - Surgical removal of a meniscus, typically done to repair damage from injury or degeneration in the knee joint.

my/o: Muscle Example: Myopathy – Any disease of the muscle, often resulting in weakness, pain, or dysfunction, such as in muscular dystrophy or inflammatory myopathies.

myel/o: Marrow (bone), spinal cord Example: Myelitis – Inflammation of the spinal cord or bone marrow, which can cause neurological symptoms, weakness, or immune system dysfunction.

oste/o: Bone Example: Osteoporosis – A condition characterized by a decrease in bone density, leading to brittle bones and an increased risk of fractures, especially in the hips, spine, and wrists.

patell/o: Patella, kneecap Example: Patellar – Pertaining to the kneecap, a small bone that protects the knee joint and facilitates leg extension.

pelv/i: Pelvis, pelvic bone Example: Pelvimetry – Measurement of the dimensions of the pelvis, often used in obstetrics to assess the feasibility of vaginal childbirth.

pelv/o: Pelvis, pelvic bone Example: Pelvectomy – Surgical removal of part or all of the pelvis, typically performed to treat advanced cancers or severe trauma.

petr/o: Stone Example: Petrous – Resembling stone or pertaining to the petrous part of the temporal bone, which houses the inner ear structures.

phalang/o: Bones of the fingers and toes Example: Phalangeal – Pertaining to the bones of the fingers or toes, essential for dexterity and movement.

plant/o: Sole of the foot Example: Plantar fasciitis – Inflammation of the fascia on the sole of the foot, causing heel pain and discomfort, often due to overuse or improper footwear.

pub/o: Pubis (hipbone) Example: Pubofemoral – Pertaining to the pubis and femur, such as the pubofemoral ligament, which supports the hip joint.

rachi/o: Vertebral spine, vertebral column Example: Rachialgia – Pain in the vertebral column, often caused by conditions like arthritis, herniated discs, or muscular strain.

rhabd/o: Rod-shaped, striated Example: Rhabdomyolysis – A condition involving the breakdown of striated muscle fibers, leading to the release of muscle contents into the bloodstream, potentially causing kidney damage.

sarc/o: Flesh, connective tissue Example: Sarcoma – A malignant tumor of connective tissue such as bone, muscle, or fat, often requiring surgical and medical treatment.

scoli/o: Crooked, curved Example: Scoliosis – Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, which can cause back pain, posture issues, and in severe cases, breathing difficulties.

spondyl/o: Vertebra, spine, vertebral column Example: Spondylitis – Inflammation of the vertebrae, often seen in conditions like ankylosing spondylitis, causing stiffness and pain in the spine.

tars/o: Tarsals, ankle bones Example: Tarsalgia – Pain in the ankle bones, often caused by arthritis, injury, or overuse.

ten/o, tendin/o, tend/o: Tendon Example: Tenosynovitis – Inflammation of a tendon and its surrounding synovial sheath, often caused by repetitive movement or injury.

vertebr/o: Vertebra, spine, vertebral column Example: Vertebral – Pertaining to a vertebra, one of the interlocking bones that make up the spinal column, providing support and protection for the spinal cord.