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365.1
normative
28
Philosophy
Undergraduate 3
10/07/2014

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Term
Normative theories are intended to provide
Definition
an account of how to determine which actions are good (bad) and which actions are right (wrong)
Term
normative theories:
Definition
Kantianism (Deontology)
Utilitarianism (Consequentialism)
Contractarianism
Virtue Ethics
Term
Axiology –
Definition
the axiology of a normative theory makes a claim about what is intrinsically valuable.
Term
Intrinsic value –
Definition
A thing has intrinsic value iff that thing or characteristic is valuable in itself. That means that its value is not explained in terms of the value of anything else.
Term
Extrinsic value –
Definition
(also called instrumental value) something that has value that can be explained in terms of something else.
Term
Moral Standing –
Definition
a thing has moral standing iff that thing is an object of direct duties. A theory’s axiology generally determines what things do have moral standing.
Term
General Moral Principles –
Definition
principles for determining when an action is the right action.
Term
Specific Moral Principles –
Definition
principles that are derived from general moral principles concerning what a moral agent ought to do in a given type of situation.
Term
Conflict Resolution Principles –
Definition
rules for determining what to do when there is a conflict between two or more moral principles.
Term
Moral Agents –
Definition
Those who are morally responsible for (at least some of) the things they do.
Term
Moral Patients –
Definition
Those to whom moral agents owe direct duties
Term
Sentient Beings –
Definition
beings that are capable of experiencing pleasure and pain.
Term
utilitarianism initially developed by
Definition
jeremy bentham
Term
The right action, according to utilitarianism, is defined in terms of
Definition
what is good.
Term
According to classical utilitarians (like Bentham), pleasure is
Definition
intrinsically good and pain is intrinsically bad.the more pleasurable (or less painful) something is the better it is.
Term
utilitarianism is a Consequentialism theory-
Hedonistic-
Definition
focuses on the consequences (the good ones)
Hedonistic- good is good in and in of itself
Term
Utilitarian says Something is intrinsically good when,
Definition
considered in and of itself, it is good without reference to its consequences.
Term
Utilitarian says Somethingis extrinsically good when its
Definition
consequences are intrinsically good.
Term
Utilitarian. an action is (extrinsically) good only when
Definition
consequences produce more pleasure on balance, and (extrinsically) bad only when it produces more pain on balance.
Term
The general moral principle of utilitarianism is
Definition
the principle of utility, which states that one ought to act so that one produces the greatest utility.
Term
For classical utilitarians this means that one ought to act
Definition
so that one produces the greatest balance of pleasure.
Term
An act A is right =
Definition
=df A (as opposed to any other available alternative) produces the greatest balance of pleasure over pain.
Term
who has moral standing in utilitarianism
Definition
anything that can suffer
Term
Common Objections to Utilitarianism
Definition
1. does not respect individual rights.
2. too hard.
3. too demanding.
4. does not take into account the importance of special relationships.
Term
Utilitarianism does not respect individual rights.
Definition
Transplant Case
Possible fix – Rules-utilitarianism.
Term
Utilitarianism is too hard.
Definition
One can’t adequately predict every consequence.
Response – Ought implies can.
Term
Utilitarianism is too demanding.
Definition
There is no such thing as above and beyond the call of duty.
Possible fix – Non-maximizing utilitarianism.
Term
Utilitarianism does not take into account the importance of special relationships.
Definition
Contract case.
Possible fix – rules utilitarianism.
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