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350.exam6
n/a
75
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
11/12/2014

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Term
stereotype definition
Definition
generalized belief* about members of a group (cognition)
Term
prejudice definition
Definition
generalized attitude* toward members of a group
Term
discrimination definition
Definition
behaviors* directed toward ppl on the basis of their group membership
Term
denying someone a job bc of their race or gender
Definition
discrimination
Term
dislike for members of al qaeda
Definition
prejudice
Term
new yorkers are rude and always in a hurry
Definition
stereotype
Term
We all have multiple_____(e.g. age,
race, gender, political orientation, sexuality,
religious affiliation, etc.)
Definition
social identities
Term
social identity theory
Definition
seeing the groups
we belong to as better makes us
feel good about ourselves
Term
in group bias-
Definition
tend to favor our in group
Term
social identity theory
categorize
identify
compare
Definition
! We categorize people into groups
! We identify with certain groups (ingroups)
! We compare our ingroups to outgroup
Term
Just separating people into groups leads
Definition
in group bias (minimal group)
Term
consequences of forming groups for the in group
Definition
• Positive feelings
• Special treatment
• Perhaps in order to maintain our self esteem
Term
consequences of forming groups for the out group
Definition
Exaggeration of how they differ from the ingroup
Term
• Out-group __________________- the
perception that out-group members are very
____________
Definition
homogeneity
they are very similar to each
other
Term
What are the Consequences of
Stereotyping?
Definition
! biased interpretations
self fulfilling prophecies
Term
! biased interpretations
Definition
! Is that a weapon?
! Was that action violent?
Term
self fulfilling prophecies
Definition
Causing
others to confirm our stereotypic
expectations
Term
self fulfilling prophecy model:
Definition
your expectation -> your behavior -> elicits rxns/behaviors in others -> confirms your expectations
Term
stereotype threat
Definition
Unpleasant apprehension arising
from the awareness of a negative ability stereotype in
a situation where the stereotype is relevant, and thus confirmable
Term
existence of negative stereotypes about one's group creates anxiety that may lead to __
Definition
stereotype confirmation
Term
stereotypes threat requires ___ held in the culture
Definition
knowledge of but not belief in stereotypes held in the culture
Term
Is Racial Prejudice Declining?
Definition
more subtle
norms discourage overt bias
become more positive
Term
Are people less prejudiced than
they were 50 years ago?
Definition
Depends upon the group
Ex. Prejudice against Blacks vs.
Arabs
Term
kind of
discrimination
Definition
Traditional (institutionalized) vs.
Modern (covert) discrimination
Term
Traditional:
Definition
School segregation, voting rights,
etc.
Term
Modern:
Definition
Informal hiring practices, social
interactions
Term
more subtle but
often just as damaging
Definition
Modern discrimination
Term
Traditional
Prejudices
Definition
laws and overt behavior
Term
modern prejudices
Definition
more subtle
sub categories:
automatic associations
aversive racism
Term
Dissociation Model
Definition
Stereotypes have long socialization history
Term
When people do not or can not actively
control stereotypes,
Definition
they influence responses
high and low -prejudice people often
show bias on uncontrollable (implicit) measures
Term
Implicit and explicit attitudes influence
Definition
different responses
Term
overt bias, policy attitudes
Definition
explicit
Term
nonverbal bias, split second decisions
Definition
implicit
Term
(e.g., police responses to criminal
suspects)
Definition
Split second implicit biases can have very real
implications
Term
Most people show
(for white over black or young over old)
Definition
strong automatic preferences
that they might not explicitly agree with
Term
IAT results may reflect
Definition
true beliefs as well as
knowledge of associations within the culture.
Term
aversive racism
Definition
alternating _________
and _______________ responses to Black
people
Term
! Frey and Gaertner (1986) examined
Definition
willingness to help a partner working on
scrabble task (paired white participants w/black or white partner and asked if deserving of help)
Term
Most people show
Definition
strong automatic preferences
that they might not explicitly agree with
Term
results of the IAT may reflect
Definition
true beliefs as well as
knowledge of associations within the culture.
Term
traditional prejudice
Definition
laws and overt behavior
Term
modern prejudice
Definition
more subtle
– Automatic associations
– Aversive racism
Term
Aversive Racism:
Definition
alternating positive
and negative responses to Black people
Term
aversive racism ___ values and ___ images
Definition
Egalitarian values & nonprejudiced selfimage
Term
aversive racism __feelings
Definition
Negative feelings (discomfort) & beliefs
Term
aversive racism response is determined by
Definition
presence of
nonracial justification for negative
response
Term
Prejudice reduction is a
Definition
slow process
much like breaking a habit
Term
1st step of prejudice reduction
Definition
must 1st develop the
motivation to respond without
prejudice
Term
2nd step of prejudice reduction
Definition
People must then develop the ability to
respond consistently with their personal
beliefs (not the stereotype
Term
The Contact Hypothesis
Definition
Contact between majority and minority
group members will decrease prejudice
Term
Contact Hypothesis will disprove
Definition
Inaccurate stereotypes
Term
contact hyptothesis works only
Definition
when contact occurs between people
of equal status in pursuit of common goals
Term
Robbers Cave Study
Definition
11 yr. old boys, white, well-adjusted, middleclass put into two groups Rattlers vs eagles
Term
3 phases of Robbers Cave Study
Definition
– Phase 1: Creating in-groups
– Phase 2: Intergroup competition
– Phase 3: Intergroup cooperation
Term
Intergroup competition
Definition
• Ingroup favoritism (own members brave,
friendly, tough)
• Disliking for outgroup (sneaky, stinkers, smart
alecks)
Term
Through competitive activites, created
Definition
hositility between two groups of equal-status
boys at summer camp
Term
Tried contact to reduce hositility
– watching movies together, eating in same dining
room
Definition
huge failure, created opportunity for aggression
Term
Tried creating “emergencies” that forced
groups to work together
Definition
– initially went back to fighting as soon as tasks
complete
– gradual decline in hostility and eventual
friendship
Term
friendship began after
Definition
cooperation
Term
mutual interdependence
Definition
situation where two or more groups need
each other and must depend on each
other to accomplish a goal that is important to
Term
Research in the 1970's and 80's
showed that contact between children
from different ethnic/racial groups
Definition
was
not reducing prejudice.
Term
Research in the 1970's and 80's was disapointing bc
Definition
Contact hypothesis: proposes that
contact reduces prejudice UNDER
CERTAIN CONDITIONS.
• These conditions were not met in the
desegregation efforts.
Term
6 Conditions necessary for contact to
reduce prejudice
Definition
1. equal status
2. personal, informal contact
3. common goals
4. mutual interdependence
5. existing norms must favor group equality
6. Contact w/multiple group
members to breakdown stereotypes.
Term
equal status
not typical-
unequal -
Definition
– Not typical before 1954
– Unequal settings (lower status jobs, service industry)
– In school, from different SES
Term
personal, informal contact
Definition
– Kids segregate on playground
– Desegregation did not create true integration
Term
mutual interdependence
Definition
not typical in schools (competitive)
Term
Existing norms must favor group
equality
Definition
Not true during desegregation – in fact,
much resistance.
Term
Why contact can fail
Definition
• Interpretation of ambiguous behaviour
biased by stereotype
• Even contact with individuals who clearly
disconfirm the stereotype may not
generalize to the whole group
Term
can lead to stereotype
change
Definition
When a person does not behave consistently
with a stereotype
Term
When a person does not behave consistently
with a stereotype it sometimes leads to
Definition
subtyping
Term
subtyping
Definition
splitting off a
___subgroup____ that protects original stereotype
Term
We are also motivated to maintain our theories
and, ask such,
Definition
sometimes ignore or distort
information inconsistent with those theories
Term
Stereotype change more likely if
Definition
– individual is otherwise typical of the group
(e.g., independent, but is nurturing and wears
makeup and feminine clothes)
– deviation from the stereotype is moderate
Term
Subtyping more likely if
Definition
– those who disconfirm a stereotype on a
particular dimension (e.g., assertive) also
disconfirm it on another dimension (e.g., good
at math)
– we have other information with which to
dismiss the person as atypical (e.g., she had
brothers)
– the deviation from the stereotype is extreme
(e.g., she is extremely aggressive)
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