Shared Flashcard Set

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350 exam2
n/a
71
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
09/27/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
• Can I/Must I?
Definition
o Positive things: Can I believe it?
o Negative things: Must I believe it?
Term
• False consensus:
Definition
We overestimate the commonality of our opinions and undesirable behaviors (politics, lies)
Term
• False uniqueness:
Definition
We tend to underestimate the commonality of our abilities and desirable behaviors
Term
conclusion to how we maintain overly positive views of ourselves
Definition
Our failures are normal- our virtues are extraordinary
Term
o Are positive illusions adaptive?
Definition
• Makes ppl feel good about self
• Important “vaccine” against depression and anxiety
• May inspire people to try things they otherwise wouldn’t
Term
o Are self-serving biases maladaptive?
Definition
• May lead one to underestimate risks (e.g. divorce rates, sexually transmitted diseases)
• May inspire people to try things they otherwise wouldn’t
• May hinder conflict resolution
Term
• Motives that influence knowledge of the self
Definition
appraisal and consistency o Self-enhancement:
Term
appraisal
Definition
to learn accurate info about the self
Term
consistency
Definition
to learn info about the self that corresponds w/what we already know
Term
consistency
makes-
cognitive-
Definition
• Makes the world more controllable
• Cognitive- affecting beliefs about the self
Term
o Self-enhancement:
Definition
To learn favorable info about the self, even if its not accurate
Term
• Emotional-
Definition
affecting feelings about the self
Term
o What happens when these motives compete?
Definition
• Self enhancement usually wins, then consistency, accuracy last BUT that depends on your goals in the situation and the nature of the task.
Term
When do you adopt a goal of appraisal over self enhancement
Definition
• If the ability is changeable (or you perceive it to be changeable),
Term
• Incompetence
Definition
• People who score in the low quartile of a test, suffer a dul burden (do bad on test, and can’t distinguish btw failure from success)
Term
o Self-concept:
Definition
A person’s answer to the question “Who am I”
Term
o Working self-concept:
Definition
the aspects of who you are that are brought to mind in a particular situation (eg with friends vs at school)
Term
o Self esteem-
Definition
make sure to read. Feeling a person has about how good a person they are
Term
o Self-schemas:
Definition
cognitive structures representing beliefs and feelings about the self that are specific to particular domains. (eg your schema for how outgoing you are).
Term
the self-reference effect=
Definition
events consistent with our self-schemas
Term
events consistend w/self schemas are
Definition
• More thoroughly processed
• Integrated into the self
• Remembered more quickly than events less consistent with our self schemas
Term
• Self complexity=
Definition
the more that we have non-overla[[ing self schemas, the better
Term
o Self-monitoring
Definition
• People differ in their concern w/impression management
• Self monitoring: being attuned to the way presents oneself and adjusting behavior to create desired impressions
Term
• Actual self-
Definition
the person you are right now
Term
• Self guides-
Definition
possible selves
o Ideal self- the self it is your goal to be
o Ought self- the self it is your duty to be
o Feared self- the self you fear becoming
Term
• Self-discrepancy theory:
Definition
peoples specific emotional reaction to a discrepancy depends which self-guide they do not meet
Term
o Our view of ourselves includes how well our actual self matches
Definition
our self-guide
Term
• Discrepancy-
Definition
a mismatch btw our actual self and a self-guide
Term
o Discrepancies result in emotional reactions
actual/ideal=
actual/ought=
actual/fear
Definition
Actual and Ideal results in saddness
• Actual-ought = anxiety
• Actual fear= relief
Term
• Self-Presentation
Definition
o Through self-presentation we attempt to present to other people who we are or who we want people to believe we are.
Term
• Impression management-
Definition
presenting the self in a particular way to fit a goal or need
Term
• We tend to believe we are the focus of attention
Definition
• Spotlight effect- the belief that others are paying more attention to us than they really are
Term
• Self- regulation:
Definition
the capacity to override and alter your responses. The process by which people attempt to constrain unwanted urges
Term
• self Regulation requires:
Definition
o Goals or standards
o Monitoring
o Motivation
o Self- control
Term
self control is similar to
Definition
to a muscle: we don’t have an unlimited amount of self control =requires resources, leading to depletion
Term
ego depletion-
Definition
refers to lacking resources necessary for executive tasks
Term
ego depletion depends on
Definition
if task is defined as fun/ mindset
What you believe/not set in stone
Term
o Maintaining control is imporatnt (essential) for survival
Definition
• Finding food, shelter, companions, etc
Term
o Loss of control
Definition
• Negative affect- depression, anxiety, stress, addiction, eating disorders
• Learned helplessness
Term
o Increased control
Definition
• Longer lifespan (nursing home research)
• Greater chance of overcoming chronic disease
• Reduced need for pain medication
Term
o Individual difference in control
Definition
locus can be external or internal
Term
internal locus of control
Definition
belief that behavior is guided by personal decisions and efforts
Term
ppl w/internal locus
Definition
o Tend to do better academically and get better jobs o May attempt to control things that they cannot (such as what others do)
• Can lead to feelings of loss of control and negative outcomes
• Success requires competence and proper situation to do well; without these a person may experience negative affect
Term
• External-
Definition
belief that behavior is guided by fate, luck, or other external circumstances
Term
o Entity theory:
Definition
intelligence is a fixed trait
Term
o Incremental theory:
Definition
intelligence is a malleable quality; a potential that can be developed
Term
• Incrementals adopt -- goals:
Definition
learning goals- Its much more important for me to learn things in classes than get the best grades
Term
• Entities adopt --goals
Definition
performance goals:
• The main thing I want when I do my school work is to show how good I am at it.
Term
incrementalists vs entities goals create how
Definition
react to failure: stratedgies for coping with failure
Term
incrementals react to failure by adopting
Definition
mastery oriented:
• I would work harder in this class from now on, I will spend more time studying
Term
entities react to failure by adopting
Definition
helpless:
• I would spend less time on this subject from now on; I wont take this subject ever agin; I will cheat next test
Term
• Experiments with changing people viewpoints.
Definition
The kids that learned that they could become smarter increases motivation
• Research shows that you teach 6th graders this belief that intelligence is fixed
Term
schemas make the world
Definition
more predictable (know what to expect)
Term
• Schemas contain two kinds of knowledge
Definition
Attributes and relations among attributes
Term
Attributes
Definition
o birds: wings, eat worms, fly
o women: nurturing, emtiontional, take care of child
Term
relations among attributes
Definition
o birds can fly bc they have wings
o taking care of child makes woman nurturing
Term
• Schemas are useful for two reasons:
Definition
• They tell us what to expect and attend to (what is normal)
• They guide memory by filling in gaps (what probably happened)
Term
schemas influence
Definition
memory, judgment, perception, behavior
Term
• Confirmation Bias
Definition
• The tendency to noticce and search for information that confirms one’s beliefs and to ignore information that disconfirms one’s beliefs
Term
confirmation bias motivated?
Definition
no it is just normal cognitive functioning braing working on own
Term
o Tendency to search for information to confirm beliefs
Definition
• Hypothesis testing: ask the other person questions to be able to answer the following questions
Term
• Wason selection task-
Definition
• The Wason selection task is MUCH easier when framed in terms of a social contract
• The mind has evolved to understand social environments and social rules
• Basic rules about how to function
Term
motivated confirmation bias
Definition
o Confirmatory info is sought bc ppl want to maintain a certain belief
• For instance, supporters and opponents of the death penalty were found to interpret the same evidence in opposite ways.
Term
• Snap judgements video
Definition
o Blink book about snap judgements- power of thinking without thinking. Only good judgements with experience
o Facial expression coding system- teaching people to learn to read facial expressions.
o Snap judgements can be deadly used by police who shoot ppl that 41 shots in 7sec. Snap judgment- young black male in bronx late at night.
Term
• The information available for social cognition
Definition
first and second hand info
Term
first hand info
Definition
based on personal experience/observation
Term
second hand info
Definition
• Info that comes from other sources, like gossip, news accounts, books, magazines, and internet
Term
• Minimal information
Definition
o Sometimes we have very little information but make judgements anyway- as when people make personality judgments based on physical appearance.
Term
• Personal experiences may be unrepresentative
Definition
o For instance, making judgments about what a country is like from having visited only a few people and places
Term
• Pluralistic ignorance
Definition
o Misperception of a group norm when people act at odds with their true preferences bc they fear social consequences
Term
• You start noticing a dripping noise in class from a bucket in class. You notice it and start to get concerned, but you don’t want to be the person to interrupt lecture. When every person in the room feels it but looking around no one else looks concerned but they’re thinking the same thing. Everyone is playing it cool.
Definition
Pluralistic ignorance
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