Term
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Definition
| Evaluations of people, objects, and ideas |
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Term
| Cognitively based attitude |
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Definition
| An attitude based primarily on people's beliefs about the properties of an attitude object |
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Term
| Affectively based attitude |
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Definition
| An attitude based more on people's feelings and values than on their beliefs about the nature of an attitude objcet. |
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Term
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Definition
| The phenomenon whereby a stimulus that elicits an emotional response is repeatedly paired with a neutral stimulus tjat dpes not until the newutral stimulus takes on the emotional properties of the first stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| The phenomenon whereby behaviors that people freely choose to perform increase or decrease in frequency, depending on whether thet are followed by positive or negative reinforcement. |
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Term
| Behaviorly based attitude |
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Definition
| An attitude based on observations of how one behaves toward an attitude object. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily report |
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Term
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Definition
| Attitudes that are involuntary, uncontrollable, and at times unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
| Communication advocating a particular side of an issue. |
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Term
| Yale attitude Change approach |
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Definition
| The study of the conditions under which people are most likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasive messages, focusing on "who said what to whom" - the source of the communication, the nature of the communication, and the nature of the audience. |
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Term
| Elaboration likelihood model |
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Definition
| An explanation of the two ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change: centrally, when people are motivated and have the ability to pay attention to the arguments in the communication, and peripherally, when people do not pay attention to the arguments byt are instead swayed by surface characteristics (like who gave the speech). |
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Term
| Central route to persuasion |
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Definition
| The case wheerby people elaborate on a persuasive communication, listening carefully to and thinking about the arguments, as occurs when peoople have both the ability and the motivation to listen carefullu to a communication |
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Term
| Peripheral route to persuasion |
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Definition
| The case whereby people do not elaaborate on the arguments in a persuasive communication but are instead swayed by peripheral cues |
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Term
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Definition
| A personality variable reflecting the extent to which people engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive ativities. |
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Term
| Fear arousing comunications |
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Definition
| Persuasive messages that attempt to change people's attitudes by arousing their fears. |
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Term
| Heuistic systematic model of persuasion |
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Definition
| An explanation of the two ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change: either systematically processing the merits of the arguments or using mental shortcuts (heuristics), such as "Experts are always right" |
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Term
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Definition
| Making people immune to attempts to change their attitudes by initially exposing them to small doses of the arguments against their position. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that when people feel their freetom to perform a certain begavior is threatened, an unplaseant state of reactance is aroused, which they can reduce by performing the threatened behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The strength of the association between an attitude object and a person's evaluation of that object, measured by the speed with which people can report how they feel about the object |
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Term
| Theory of planned behavior |
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Definition
| The idea that the best predictors of a person's planned, deliberate behaviors are the person's attitudes toward specific behaviors, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control |
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Term
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Definition
| Words or pictures that are not consiously perceived but may nevertheless influence people's behaviors, judgments, and attitudes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype. |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in one's behavior due to the real or imagined influence of other people. |
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Term
| informational social influence |
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Definition
| The influence of other people thatl eads us to conform because we see them as a source of information to guide our behaviour; we conform because we believe that others interpretation of the situation is more correct than ours and will help us choose an appropriate course of action. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conforming to other people's behavior out of a genuine belief that what they are doing or saying is right. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conforming to other people's behavior publicly without necessarily believing in what we are doing or saying. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rapid spread of emotions or behaviors through a crowd |
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Term
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Definition
| The occurence, in a group of people, of similar physical symptoms with no known physical cause. |
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Term
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Definition
| The implicit or explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs of its members. |
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Term
| Normative social influence |
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Definition
| The influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them; this type of conformity results in public compliance with the groups beliefs and behaviors but not necessarily private acceptance of those beliefs and behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that conforming to social influence depends on the strength of the group's importance, its immediacy, and the number of people in the group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person |
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Term
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Definition
| The desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions the way that person experiences them |
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Term
| Empathy/Altruism Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The idea that when we feel empathy for a person we will attempt to help that person purely fopr altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations |
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Term
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Definition
| The group with which a person identifies as a member. |
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Term
| Negative state relief hypothesis |
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Definition
| The idea that people help in order to alleviate their own sadness and distress |
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Term
| Urban Overload hypothesis |
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Definition
| The theory that people living in cities are constatnly being bombarded with stimulation and they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it. |
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Term
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Definition
| The finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bystanders' assuming that nothing is wrong in an emergency bnecause no one else looks concerned |
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Term
| Diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
| The phenomenon whereby each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reason or an explanation for dissonant personal behavior that resides outside the individual |
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Term
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Definition
| The reduction of dissonance by changing something about oneself |
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Term
| Counterattitudinal advocacy |
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Definition
| Stating an opinion or attitude that runs counter to one's private belief or attitude |
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Term
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Definition
| The dissonance aroused when individuals lack sufficient external justification for having resisted a desired activity or object, usually resulting in individuals devaluing the forbidden activity or object. |
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Term
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Definition
| A long lasting form of attitude change that results from attempts at self justification |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that people become distressed when their sense of their actual self differs from their ideal self. |
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Term
| Self evaluating maintenance theory |
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Definition
| The idea that one's self concept can be threatened by another individual's behavior and that the level of threat is determined by both the closeness of the other individual and the personal relevance of the behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that people will reduce the impace of a dissoance arousing threat to their self concept by focusing on and affirming their competence on some dimension unrelated to the threat. |
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Term
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Definition
| The seeming importance of information that is the focus of people's attention |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to overestimate the extent to which our actions and appearance are salient to others. |
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Term
| Actor/observer difference |
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Definition
| The tendency to see other people's behavior as dispositionally caused but focusing more on the role of situational factors when explaining one's own behavior. |
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Term
| Self serving attributions |
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Definition
| Explanations for one's successes that credit internal, dispositional factors and explaintions for one's failures that blame external situational factors. |
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