Term
| Stages of speech production |
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Definition
Central
A. Higher (Cognitive/Linguistic) Neural Processes
B. Lower (Sensory/Motor) Neural Processes
Peripheral
C. Muscle Contraction and Movement of Organs of Speech
D. Airflow and Air Pressure Modulation
E. Acoustic Output at the Mouth and/or Nose |
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Term
| What are the structures of respiration? |
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Definition
-Vertebral column , the ribs , and the sternum form the ribcage
-lungs, bronchial tree, and trachea (lower respiratory tract) are located within the ribcage.
-Scapulae (the shoulder blades), clavicles (the collar bones) and the pelvis provide points of attachments to the muscles of respiration. |
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Term
| What is the role of respiration in speech? |
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Definition
| source of power for speech production. Respiratory (breathing) cycle – inhalation and exhalation; speech is typically produced during exhalation. |
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Term
| What are the structures of phonation? |
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Definition
•Larynx is at the base of the neck, above trachea and in front of esophagus.
• Framework consists of cricoid, thyroid, arytenoids (2), and epiglottis cartilages. (Cartilages are a tough and flexible structures made up of connective tissue; less dense and rigid than bones; bones begin as cartilages)
• Vocal folds are two bands of thick tissue stretching from arytenoids (back) to the angle of thyroid (front).
• Glottis is the opening that exists when vocal folds are apart. |
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Term
| Where does speech articulation take place? |
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Definition
Articulation: Production of distinctive speech sounds (phones) in the vocal tract.
• Vocal tract: I nterconnected cavities from top of larynx below to lips and nares (nostrils) above; 17 cm in length, adult males, 15 cm, adult females, 10-12 cm in children. • Articulators: Structures in the vocal tract that produce vowels and consonants;
• Articulators change size, shape, and length of vocal tract and, thereby, modify laryngeal tone (resonance) and produce noise used in speech. |
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Term
| List and describe movable articulators |
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Definition
| mandible, lips, tongue, and velum (moving). |
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Term
| List and describe the stationary articulators |
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Definition
| palate, alveolar ridge, and teeth (nonmoving); |
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Term
Describe the velopharyngeal mechanism and its function in speech
production. |
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Definition
• Velopharyngeal mechanism: Velum (a muscular flap) and the posterior pharyngeal wall.
• When velum is lowered, velopharyngeal port (opening between oropharynx and nasopharynx) is open allowing air and voice to escape through the nose. This results in nasal resonance and nasal sounds. |
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Term
| What are the four types of feedback that we rely on to make sure that that our speech is clear and smooth? |
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Definition
| sensory pathways (gamma loop, tactile and kinesthetic, and auditory) |
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