Term
ID aspect of cardiac conduction system:
controls HR, generates electrical impulse that causes atria to contract |
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Definition
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Term
ID aspect of cardiac conduction system:
serves as relay station that sends electrical signal to his purkinje system |
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Definition
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Term
ID aspect of cardiac conduction system:
innervates ventricles causing them to contract and pump blood |
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Definition
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Term
| Premature heart beats __ cardiac output |
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Definition
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Term
| How do drugs for tachycardia act on the heart? |
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Definition
| Decrease spontaneous contract of heart cells including pace makers to slow conductivity |
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Term
| Define and list the NAVEL drugs |
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Definition
| Can be given down ET tube in emergency; Narcan Atropine Valium Epinephrine Lidicane |
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Term
| Describe the function of atropine for bradydysrhythmics |
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Definition
| blocks action of vagus nerve on heart, given pre-op to dry up respiratory secretions |
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Term
| Atropine can worsen what two heart conditions? |
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Definition
| heart ischemia and heart blocks b/c it increases HR and workload |
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Term
| What pre-existing condition can be worsened by taking atropine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the use of digoxin for tachydysrhythmics |
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Definition
| Treats atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response (slows and strengthens heartbeat) |
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Term
| Describe the use of adenosine for supraventricular tachycardia |
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Definition
| Causes brief asystole then HR is normal; slows conduction through AV node, decrease HR |
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Term
| Define torsades de pointes |
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Definition
| ventricular dysrhythmia from low Mg |
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Term
| Describe the use of magnesium sulfate for torsades de pointes |
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Definition
| decreased heart muscle excitability; side effects: diarrhea, heart block, respiratory arrest |
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Term
| What are the infant considerations for the use of MgSO4? |
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Definition
| infant may have decreased reflexes for 24 hrs after birth |
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Term
| What are the 3 ways drugs for tachydysrhythmics work? |
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Definition
| reduce automacity of heart muscle, slow conduction of electrical impulses through heart, prolong refractory period |
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Term
| Describe class 1a sodium channel blockers |
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Definition
| decrease excitability of heart and slow conduction; decrease HR, stop abnormal rhythms, increase CO |
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Term
| Describe Raynaud's syndrome |
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Definition
| vasoconstriction; red white blue syndrome |
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Term
| Disopyramide can cause what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why should patients taking quinidine avoid large amounts of high alkaline ash foods? |
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Definition
| Affect excretion of drug and can lead to toxicity |
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Term
| What effect does St Johns wort have on quinidine? |
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Definition
| reduces blood levels in the body |
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Term
| Describe class 1b sodium channel blockers |
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Definition
| inhibit ability of ventricles to contract prematurely; decrease risk of PVCs, ventricular tachycardia, increase CO |
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Term
| Why should lidocaine never be used for patients with severe heart block dysrhythmias? |
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Definition
| normal heart pacemaker is not functioning; can lead to cardiac arrest |
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Term
| Describe 1c Sodium Channel Blockers |
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Definition
| Slow heart's electrical impulse condction; decrease ventricular and supraventricular dysrhythmias; "last resort" |
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Term
| What is the purpose of Class 2 beta blockers? |
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Definition
| treat SVT, rapid atrial fibrillation or flutter; blocks effects of epi |
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Term
| Describe class 3 potassium channel blockers |
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Definition
| convert atrial fibrillation/flutter to normal HR; slow conduction through AV node |
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Term
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Definition
| adult respiratory distress syndrome |
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Term
| Name short and long term effects of amiodarone |
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Definition
| hyperthyroidism; blue discoloration of face neck arms |
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Term
| Why will patients taking K channel blockers need an eye exam? |
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Definition
| determine if corneal microdeposits or other eye damages has occured |
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Term
| Describe class 4 Ca channel blockers |
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Definition
| slow conduction through SA and AV nodes decreasing HR; decrease heart contraction, atrial dilation |
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Term
| What are some signs of liver damage? |
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Definition
| dark urine, light stools, jaundice |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit enzyme that controls body's cholesterol production to decrease total cholesterol |
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Term
| Describe Bile Acid Sequestrants |
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Definition
| bind with cholesterol in intestine preventing fat absorption; decrease LDL and increase HDL |
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Term
| Bile acid sequestrants should be taken __ hrs before or after ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe cholesterol absorption inhibitors |
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Definition
| used when low fat cholesterol diet doesn't work, patient can't take statins or increase effect of statins; decreases LDL and total cholesterol |
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Term
| Cholesterol absorption inhibitors can be taken ___ statin drugs and __ hrs before and __ hrs after bile acid sequestrants |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the use of fibrates |
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Definition
| activate cell lipid receptors to break them down for elimination; decrease triglycerides and increase HDL |
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Term
| how does grapefruit juice effect fibrates in the body? |
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Definition
| interferes with their metabolism and makes them less effective |
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Term
| Describe nicotonic acid agents |
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Definition
| niacin or vitamin b3; treats triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL, increase HDL |
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Term
| Nicotinic agents should not be combined with what? Why? |
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Definition
| NSAIDs; can slow clotting so combination can be deadly |
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Term
| Describe anticoagulants vs thrombolytics |
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Definition
| anticoags prevent/reduce clot formation while the other destroys clots |
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Term
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Definition
| affects veins in lower legs, blocks blood flow back to heart |
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Term
| Anticoag drugs are not usually used in patients at risk for ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the goal of heparin therapy? |
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Definition
| to keep aPTT in therapeutic range to prevent clot formation |
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Term
| What are the signs of bleeding? |
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Definition
| abdominal swelling or pain, back pain. bloody urine, dizziness headaches |
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Term
| What is the intended response of thrombin inhibitors? |
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Definition
| increase clotting time, decrease clot formation/growt, maintain blood flow |
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Term
| Describe clotting factor syn thesis inhibitors |
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Definition
| decrease production of clotting factors in liver; increase clot time, decrease clot formation/growth |
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Term
| Warfarin interferes with the synthesis of what? |
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Definition
| vitamin K dependent clotting factors |
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Term
| What is the antidote for warfarin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What drugs can increase the action of warfarin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe antiplatelet drugs |
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Definition
| block platelet aggregation; clot prevention in brain and CDV |
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Term
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Definition
| illness that causes brain damage, liver failure and death |
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Term
| Thrombolytics are used to treat what conditions? |
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Definition
| heart attacks, strokes, PE |
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Term
| Describe colon stimulating factors |
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Definition
| stimulate bone marrow to increase production of blood cells or platelets |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of respiratory issues? |
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Definition
| narrowed airways (asthma, bronchitis) and destroyed alveoli (emphysema) |
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Term
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Definition
| normal elastic tissue in alveoli becomes loose |
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Term
| What are the rescue bronchodilator drugs? Prevention? |
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Definition
| inhaler, SQ IV; nebulizer, oral |
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Term
| What are the side effects of bronchodialtors? |
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Definition
| increased HR and BP, dry mouth, difficulty sleeping |
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Term
| Describe the anti-inflammatory action of corticosteroids |
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Definition
| reduce inflammation that has already started; do not cause relaxation of pulmonary smooth muscle but enhance some bronchodilators |
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Term
| Why are bronchodilators given before anti-inflammatories? |
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Definition
| to allow greatest widening of airway so anti inflammators can be inhaled more deeply |
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Term
| How many days before surgery should aspirin be stopped? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of phenothiazines? |
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Definition
| antiemetic; block dopamine receptors in chemotrigger zone of brain |
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Term
| Describe anticholinergics as antiemetics |
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Definition
| inhibit other pathways of the vomiting reflex (stop intestinal cramping) |
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Term
| Describe antihistamines as antiemetics |
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Definition
| work against nv caused by opiate drugs or motion |
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Term
| Describe 5HT3 receptor antagonists as antiemetics |
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Definition
| work against effects caused by chemotherapy |
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Term
| Describe neuroleptic malignant syndrome |
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Definition
| life threatening side effect of high boy temp from some antiemetics |
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Term
| When are you considered to have constipation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for stool softeners? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of drugs that treat constipation? |
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Definition
| helps body pass hard stools; not for long term use |
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Term
| When should drugs for constipation NOT be given? |
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Definition
| with SnS of acute abdomen: severe abdominal pain, tenderness, fever |
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Term
| Constipation drugs should be give __ hr (s) before or after antacids |
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Definition
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Term
| Discuss the use of anti constipation drugs for peds and elderly |
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Definition
| peds get half adult dose; elderly use psyllium (powder in water to be drank quickly) |
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Term
| What are 3 common causes of diarrhea? |
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Definition
| inflammation of bowel, ingestion of viruses or bacteria, drug side effects |
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Term
| What is the classifications of diarrhea? |
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Definition
| 3 stools or more in 24 hrs; osmotic, secretory, exudative, or motility disorder |
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Term
| Describe adsorbent/absorbent drugs |
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Definition
| remove substances that cause diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
| inflated colon with abdominal distention; fever abdominal pain tachycardia dehydration |
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Term
| Pepto bismol contains what other drug? |
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Definition
| aspirin; additional should not be taken |
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Term
| What type of antidiarrheal should not be used by the elderly? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| H pylori infection or aggravated lifestyle; burning gnawing pain when stomach is empty |
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Term
| What is the most common symptom of GERD? |
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Definition
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Term
| What may be a good non drug type treatment for GERD? |
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Definition
| chewing gum after meals to increase saliva creation |
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Term
| Most antacids use what 3 elements to neutralize acid? |
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Definition
| Na, Mg, Al; need to be careful because it can worsen heart conditions |
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Term
| What type of antacid should be avoided in elderly? |
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Definition
| Aluminum for those with bone problems or alzheimer's |
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Term
| What is the purpose of H2 histamine blockers? |
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Definition
| Decrease secretions of gastric acid; give with meals |
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Term
| What is the purpose of cytoprotective drugs? |
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Definition
| form thick coating on open sores |
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Term
| Describe proton pump inhibitors in PUD and GERD treatment |
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Definition
| block secretion of gastric acid; powerful and for limited time use |
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Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of tardive dyskinesia? |
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Definition
| uncontrolled rhythmic movemennt of mouth face or extremtities; rapid tongue movement; can't be fixed |
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Term
| K sparing diuretics should not be given with what other drugs? |
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Definition
| K supplements, ACE inhibitors, salt substitutes |
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Term
| What're the effects of ACE inhibitors on HTN? |
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Definition
| lower BP; slow kidney damage in ppl with diabetes |
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Term
| Those with what kinds of conditions are given ACE inhibitors? |
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Definition
| heart failure, kidney disease, diabetes; stopped if dry hacking cough manifests |
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Term
| ACE inhibitors increase the levels of what electrolyte? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of beta blockers? |
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Definition
| limit activity of epinephrine, reduce HR and ionotropy, causes heart to require less O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| oppose effects of norepi, cause vasodilation and decrease BP; need to measure HR AND BP |
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Term
| Describe Ca channel blockers |
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Definition
| slow movement of Ca into cells, relaxes them and increases blood supply to heart, reduces workload |
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Term
| Beta blockers can cover up signs of ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What weather considerations should patients taking beta blockers have? |
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Definition
| stay out of direct sunlight, dress warm in cold weather (decreased peripheral blood flow) |
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Term
| What are the age considerations for beta blockers? |
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Definition
| not researched in children, elderly given lower dose as they are more susceptible to the effects |
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Term
| What type of drug should alpha blockers not be given with? |
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Definition
| those for erectile dysfunction, cause low BP |
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Term
| What is the function of alpha blockers? |
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Definition
| block receptors in smooth muscle and arteries; increase blood flow at lower BP; block effects of nor-epi |
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Term
| Describe central acting adrenergic agents |
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Definition
| stimulate CNS to decrease constriction of blood vessels; used in hard to control HTN |
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Term
| What category of HTN medicine is good across all lifespans? |
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Definition
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Term
| What category of HTN meds is not typically used for peds, pregnant women or elderly? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 results of R heart failure? |
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Definition
| JVD, peripheral edema, and hepatomegaly |
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Term
| What types of drugs can be used to treat heart failure? |
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Definition
| antihypertensive, vasodilators, anticoag., antidysrhythmic |
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Term
| Describe cardiac glycosides and give an example |
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Definition
| slow HR and strengthen heart beat, DO NOT take with grapefruit juice; digoxin |
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Term
| What is an important uncommon side effect of cardiac glycosides? |
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Definition
| blurred vision and yellow halos or light around objects |
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Term
| What do you check before giving digoxin? |
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Definition
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