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3145 Exam 2
n/a
106
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
09/27/2014

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Cards

Term
What is the #1 reason people seek medical treatment?
Definition
pain
Term
What are the 3 types of pain?
Definition
acute, chronic and cancer
Term
Define pain threshold
Definition
smallest amount of tissue damage that makes person aware of pain
Term
What is another name for cancer pain?
Definition
malignant; has acute and chronic properties
Term
What are the 3 classes of analgesics?
Definition
opioids, NSAIDs, non-opioid miscellaneous
Term
Define CS
Definition
drugs containing addictive ingredients
Term
Who is responsible for enforcing distribution of CS in the US?
Definition
Drug Enforcement Administration
Term
Opioids alter the ___ of pain
Definition
perception
Term
What is the difference between dependence and addiction?
Definition
dependence is physical, addiction is psychological
Term
What are the symptoms of withdrawal?
Definition
n/v, abdominal cramping, sweating, delirium, seizures
Term
Post op shivering of the elderly is resolved with what?
Definition
demerol
Term
What class of drugs is responsible for suppressing the inflammatory pathway?
Definition
NSAIDs
Term
What are the side effects of NSAIDs? Adverse effects?
Definition
reduced clotting, headache, GI irritation, low blood flow to kidney (slow urine output, high BP and kidney damage); asthma and salicylate poisoning
Term
How much asprin is needed for pain relief?
Definition
650mg
Term
Why must BP be checked after NSAID is given?
Definition
Can cause Na and water retention which causes high BP
Term
Why is asprin avoided in Peds?
Definition
Reye's syndrome
Term
What medicine is often combined with opioids for pain relief?
Definition
acetaminophen; adjuvant drugs
Term
What is the antidote for an acetaminophen overdose?
Definition
mucomist
Term
Describe the use of antidepressants for pain
Definition
reduce some types of chronic and cancer pain, relief in 1-2 wks, should not be used with cardiac or seizure patients
Term
What types of pain is treated by anticonvulsants?
Definition
neuropathic pain, migraines, chronic and cancer
Term
What class of drug are benzodiazapines?
Definition
sedatives
Term
Define cataplexy
Definition
loss of muscle movements
Term
What are the 3 stages of inflammation?
Definition
vascular (increase WBC and change in blood vessels), exudate (increase WBC and exudate), tissue repair (rapid cell division)
Term
What are the 3 main categories of anti-inflammatory drugs?
Definition
corticosteroids, NSAIDs, and antihistamines
Term
What are the short term side effects of corticosteroids?
Definition
hypertension, acne, insomnia, nervousness; use should be tapered off, not discontinued immediately
Term
Describe the two groups of NSAIDs
Definition
COX-1 (found in many normal cells) COX-2 found only in inflammatory cells
Term
Describe histamines
Definition
main mediator of inflammation and capillary leak; cause changes that lead to inflammatory responses
Term
Describe the two types of receptors histamines act on?
Definition
H1: in blood vessels and respiratory mucous membranes
H2: in stomach lining
Term
Describe the function of a leukotrine
Definition
maintains inflammatory response
Term
What types of patients should not take antihistamines?
Definition
glaucoma, prostate enlargement, hypertension, urinary retention
Term
Describe the use of leukotrine inhibitors
Definition
reduce swelling to keep open airways; Zyflo prevents leukotrine production in WBC, Accolate blocks leukotrine receptors on cells
Term
What is the most common reason for drug therapy?
Definition
infection
Term
Bacteria that change color when stained are called ___
Definition
gram positive; easier to kill
Term
Why do antibiotics cause diarrhea?
Definition
kill normal intestinal flora; kills commensal bacteria
Term
What are the signs of red man syndrome?
Definition
drop in BP, red rash of face, neck, chest back and arms
Term
Define ototoxicity
Definition
side effect of cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotics; ringing in the ear
Term
Photosensitivity is a side effect of what protein synthesis inhibitor?
Definition
macrolides and tetracyclines
Term
What protein synthesis inhibitor is most likely to cause yeast infection?
Definition
tetracyclines
Term
What type of food should not be eaten when taking linezolid (protein synthesis inhibitor?)
Definition
foods with tyramine (aged things, pickled things, red wine)
Term
What is a significant side effect for aminoglycoside use in peds?
Definition
severe respiratory depression and kidney damage
Term
What racial groups should be tested for G6PD deficiency (sulfa allergies) before receiving metabolism inhibitor antibiotics?
Definition
AA and mediterranean
Term
What is the classification for a bacteria to be considered a super bug?
Definition
resistant to 3 or > antibiotics
Term
What is the purpose of antiviral therapy?
Definition
suppress virus ability to reproduce and grow
Term
How does the nurse prevent patient kidney damage while on antivirals?
Definition
Keep them hydrated
Term
What is the most common bacterial infection world wide?
Definition
TB
Term
Describe TB
Definition
slow growing bacteria spread by air
Term
Who is most at risk for TB?
Definition
Those in constant contact with TB+ ppl, immunodeficient, low SES
Term
What are the 4 1st line TB drugs?
Definition
Isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol
Term
How long must TB+ person be on treatment and why?
Definition
6 months; bacteria is slow growing and takes longer to kill
Term
Define DOT
Definition
directly observed therapy
Term
What must be avoided while on TB treatment?
Definition
alcohol
Term
Describe fungus
Definition
reproduces by spores, lives in moist dark places; can be superficial or deep
Term
What is the required fluid intake for those on antifungal meds and why?
Definition
3L; to prevent poor liver and kidney function
Term
Antifungal meds ketoconazole and voriconazole can cause what?
Definition
Sun sensitivity
Term
ID diuretic type:
increase Na excretion; loop diuretics
Definition
Natriuretic
Term
ID diuretic type:
increase blood flow to kidneys; usually for critical care
Definition
osmotic diuretics
Term
ID diuretic type:
primarily used for glaucoma
Definition
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Term
What 2 things do you check before giving a diuretic?
Definition
K levels (hold if low); apical pulse for regularity
Term
What are the most powerful types of diuretic?
Definition
loop diuretic (lasix)
Term
Loop diuretics should not be given with other ____ drugs
Definition
ototoxic
Term
What are the side effects of potassium sparing diuretics?
Definition
excretes more Na and water, women may develop hirutism and men issues with erection
Term
K sparing diuretics should not be given with what other drugs?
Definition
K supplements, ACE inhibitors, salt substitutes
Term
Describe normal bladder vs OAB
Definition
detrusor muscles contract before bladder is full instead of when it is full only
Term
What types of drugs should not be combined with HTN drugs?
Definition
cold remedy drugs
Term
What're the effects of ACE inhibitors on HTN?
Definition
lower BP; slow kidney damage in ppl with diabetes
Term
What is another name for angiotensin 2 receptor antagonists?
Definition
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs); used when pt is intolerant of ACE inhibitor therapy
Term
Those with what kinds of conditions are given ACE inhibitors?
Definition
heart failure, kidney disease, diabetes; stopped if dry hacking cough manifests
Term
Describe angiedema
Definition
swelling of blood vessels, adverse effect of ACE inhibitors; typically seen in face, lips, throat in blacks
Term
ACE inhibitors increase the levels of what electrolyte?
Definition
K
Term
What is the function of beta blockers?
Definition
limit activity of epinephrine, reduce HR and ionotropy, causes heart to require less O2
Term
Describe alpha blockers
Definition
oppose effects of norepi, cause vasodilation and decrease BP; need to measure HR AND BP
Term
Describe central acting adrenergic agents
Definition
stimulate alpha receptors in brain, dilate peripheral arteries, easing blood flow
Term
Describe direct vasodilators
Definition
act directly on smooth muscle of small arteries;cause dilation
Term
Describe Ca channel blockers
Definition
slow movement of Ca into cells, relaxes them and increases blood supply to heart, reduces workload
Term
Define PPD
Definition
purified protein derivative
Term
What drug are you given once you're diagnosed with TB?
Definition
vcg vaccine; will give false positives on all future TB tests
Term
Beta blockers can cover up signs of ____
Definition
hypoglycemia
Term
What weather considerations should patients taking beta blockers have?
Definition
stay out of direct sunlight, dress warm in cold weather (decreased peripheral blood flow)
Term
What are the age considerations for beta blockers?
Definition
not researched in children, elderly given lower dose as they are more susceptible to the effects
Term
What type of drug should alpha blockers not be given with?
Definition
those for erectile dysfunction, cause low BP
Term
What is the function of alpha blockers?
Definition
block receptors in smooth muscle and arteries; increase blood flow at lower BP; block effects of nor-epi
Term
Describe central acting adrenergic agents
Definition
stimulate CNS to decrease constriction of blood vessels; used in hard to control HTN
Term
Minoxidil is a topical form of ____ which causes _____
Definition
rogaine; hair growth
Term
What category of HTN medicine is good across all lifespans?
Definition
direct vasodilators
Term
What category of HTN meds is not typically used for peds, pregnant women or elderly?
Definition
Ca channel blockers
Term
Describe preload
Definition
stretching of muscle on L ventricle from blood fill
Term
Describe afterload
Definition
blood pressure in the aorta with contraction
Term
Describe heart failure
Definition
when the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs
Term
What are 3 results of R heart failure?
Definition
JVD, peripheral edema, and hepatomegaly
Term
What two sounds are a sign of pulmonary congestion?
Definition
wheezes and crackles
Term
What are the catecholamines?
Definition
hormones epi and nor-epi
Term
Describe the effect of hypoxia in someone with HF
Definition
stimulates catecholamines that make heart work harder, activates angio 2 (powerful vasoconstrictor); leads to hypertrophy
Term
What types of drugs can be used to treat heart failure?
Definition
antihypertensive, vasodilators, anticoag., antidysrhythmic
Term
What is a normal side effect of vasodilators?
Definition
headaches
Term
Describe cardiac glycosides and give an example
Definition
slow HR and strengthen heart beat, DO NOT take with grapefruit juice; digoxin
Term
What is an important uncommon side effect of cardiac glycosides?
Definition
blurred vision and yellow halos or light around objects
Term
What do you check before giving digoxin?
Definition
apical pulse for 1 min
Term
Describe human b type natriuretic peptides
Definition
get rid of extra salt and water to lower bp, may cause apnea
Term
What electrolyte should never be given as an IV push?
Definition
potassium
Term
black tarry stools are characteristic of what?
Definition
GI bleeding
Term
Describe retroviruses
Definition
use RNA as its genetic material, allow high efficiency cellular infection (cause disease with low numbers of virus)
Term
What is the main type of cell infected and destroyed by HIV?
Definition
CD4
Term
What are the 6 classes of antiretroviral drugs?
Definition
NRTIs, NNRTIs, PIs, fusion in hibitors, entry inhibitors, integrase inhibitors
Term
What is the function of NRTIs?
Definition
inhibit reverse transcriptase and viral DNA synthesis, slowing production
Term
What is the function of PIs?
Definition
prevent viral replication and release of viral particles; some contain sulfa
Term
What antibiotic is more likely to cause an allergic reaction?
Definition
cell wall synthesis inhibitors (vanc., penicillin)
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