Term
| Physiology is the study of what? |
|
Definition
| normal function of humans and the chemical/physical processes involved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of disturbances of normal function of humans and chemical/physical processes involved |
|
|
Term
| What word is synonymous with disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of system is the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the components of an open system in relation to the human body |
|
Definition
input=ingestion of food and drink
throughput=digestion and absorption
output=energy, excretion of waste
Feedback=Depending on how input made us feel, will we do it again? |
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|
Term
| What type of feedback is more often considered physiologic for the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the range for regular blood sugar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 8 chief cellular functions? |
|
Definition
| movement, conductivity, absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, communication, replication |
|
|
Term
| ALL cells complete what 3 functions? |
|
Definition
| absorb, respirate (throughput)and excrete |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 phases of ATP creation? |
|
Definition
| digestion, glycolysis, and citric acid cycle |
|
|
Term
| Where does ATP come from in the human body? |
|
Definition
| catabolism of food and cellular energy production |
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|
Term
| What phase of ATP creation is anaerobic? Which is aerobic? |
|
Definition
glycolysis(2)=anaerobic
citric acid cycle(3)=aerobic |
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|
Term
| What phase of metabolism creates the most ATP? The least? |
|
Definition
Most=citric acid cycle
Least=glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| What are the normal values for the amount of lactic acid in someone's system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if inadequate oxygen is available during metabolism? |
|
Definition
| metabolism is stale mated in anaerobic phase 2 metabolism |
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|
Term
| The level of lactic acid in the system is directly related to the level of what? |
|
Definition
| Shock experienced by a patient |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| condition where CDV system fails to perfuse tissues and leads to impairment of cellular metabolism |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| process of delivering oxygenated blood (arterial blood) to body tissues |
|
|
Term
| What are 5 different types of shock? |
|
Definition
| hypovolemic, cardiogenic, neurogenic, anaphylactic, septic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| widespread vasodilation from imbalance in PNS and SNS; leads to hypovolemia and blood pooling |
|
|
Term
| Define anaphylactic shock |
|
Definition
| widespread hypersensitivity reaction leading to vasodilation, peripheral pooling |
|
|
Term
| What is the final common pathway in shock? |
|
Definition
| impaired cellular metabolism; impaired oxygen and glucose use |
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|
Term
| What are 4 effects of impairment of oxygen use in cellular metabolism? |
|
Definition
| aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, decrease electrochemical gradient maintenance, disrupt Na K pump, activate positive feedback loops |
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|
Term
| What is the minimum normal urine output for adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of shock? |
|
Definition
| nausea, dizziness, increase HR and RR, decrease BP and CO, vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary treatment for shock? |
|
Definition
| oxygenation; fluids given for all forms of shock but cardiac |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease in cellular number from decreased cell divisions |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature type |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal size, shape, and organization of mature cells |
|
|
Term
| What type of cell adaptation is more likely to lead to cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal growth of new tissue (tumors) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of cellular injury? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of hypoxia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 conditions that involve ischemia? |
|
Definition
| heart attack, coronary artery disease, stroke |
|
|
Term
| What are 6 types of cellular injury mechanisms? |
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Definition
| chemical, infectious, immunologic, inflammatory, injurious genetic factors, physical injuries |
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|
Term
| What is the most common degenerative change in the local manifestation of cellular injury? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for cellular swelling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 5 types of systemic manifestations of cellular injury? |
|
Definition
| fever, tachycardia, leukocytosis, pain and presence of cellular enzyme in ECF |
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|
Term
ID:
premature, pathologic cell death |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are the two types of dead cells removed? |
|
Definition
necrosis=debridement
apoptosis=phagocytes |
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|
Term
| Apoptosis is _____ while necrosis is ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who discovered stressors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 stages of general adaptation syndrome? |
|
Definition
| alarm (fight or flight), resistance/adaptation (endocrine secretion), exhaustion (disease of adaptation) |
|
|
Term
| The PNS and SNS are divisions of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fight or flight; produces norepinephrine (adrenaline)and epinephrine ; adrenergic |
|
|
Term
| Where are beta receptors located and what are their purpose? |
|
Definition
beta 1= heart; pump efficiency
beta 2=lungs; bronchodilate, vasodilate, mydriasis (pupillary dilation) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important function of the SNS? |
|
Definition
| regulation of vasomotor tone (moving blood, O2 and glucose to priority areas) |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of alpha receptors? |
|
Definition
| vasoconstriction in blood vessels of low priority areas |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two main neurotransmitters of the PNS? |
|
Definition
| pre and postganglionic acetylcholine |
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|
Term
| What are two synonyms for the PNS? |
|
Definition
| cholinergic (from acetylcholine) and vagal (from vagus nerve) |
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|
Term
| What is the name for pupillary constriction related to the PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors? |
|
Definition
| G protein coupled receptors responsible for BP, HR, and digestive processes; stimulation in cholinergic response result in lower BP,HR and digestive processes |
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|
Term
| What is the most significant transmitter in the PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of catecholamines (epi and norepi) on the liver? |
|
Definition
| increase glucogenesis and glycogenolysis |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of catecholamines (epi and norepi) on the pancreas? |
|
Definition
| decrease insulin, increase glucagon |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of catecholamines (epi and norepi) on the heart? |
|
Definition
| increase HR, contraction and, vasoconstriction, CO |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of catecholamines (epi and norepi) on the skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of catecholamines (epi and norepi) on the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Match the receptor with its physiological effects:
alpha |
|
Definition
| vasoconstriction, increased glycogenolysis, inhibited insulin release |
|
|
Term
Match the receptor with its physiological effects:
Beta 1 |
|
Definition
| increased HR (chronotropic), increased heart contraction (inotropic), increased speed of conduction |
|
|
Term
Match the receptor with its physiological effects:
Beta 2 |
|
Definition
| Smooth muscle relaxation (bronchodilate, GI tract, GU tract, select vasodilation of leg muscles, increase sugar, increase glucagon and renin, pupillary dilation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 functions of cortisol? |
|
Definition
| elevates blood sugar, powerful antiinflammatory, increase gastric acid secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antidiuretic hormone; water retention and decreased urine output |
|
|
Term
| Describe two functions of growth hormone in relation to stress response |
|
Definition
| enhances immune function; decreased by persistent stress (decrease immune function) |
|
|
Term
| What is a function of prolactin in relation to stress response? |
|
Definition
| may increase immune function |
|
|
Term
| What is a function of oxytocin in relation to stress response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What aspect of stress has an impact on testosterone? |
|
Definition
| increased cortisol and endorphins |
|
|
Term
| What brain structure regulates temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID the hormone and where it originates:
TSH-RH |
|
Definition
| thyrotropin stimulating hormone-releasing hormone; hypothalmus |
|
|
Term
ID the hormone and where it originates:
TSH |
|
Definition
| thyroid stimulating hormone; anterior pituitary; caused by TSH-RH |
|
|
Term
ID the hormone and where it originates:
T4 |
|
Definition
| thyroxine; thyroid gland; caused by TSH |
|
|
Term
ID the hormone and where it originates:
epinephrin |
|
Definition
| adrenal medulla; caused by T4 |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 effects of epinephrin? |
|
Definition
| vasoconstriction, increased glycolysis, increased metabolism and heat production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sudden skeletal muscle contraction; can be caused by allergic reaction stimulating heat production |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for chemical thermogenesis? Describe it |
|
Definition
| nonshivering thermogenesis; epinephrine burns brown fat to make heat |
|
|
Term
| Describe alpha 1 vasoconstriction |
|
Definition
| core warm blood moves away from surface of skin; heat is not lost by conduction to environment |
|
|
Term
| What are voluntary mechanisms of heat production? |
|
Definition
| cover up; curl up (fetal position) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 9 mechanisms of heat loss? |
|
Definition
| radiation, conduction, convection, vasodilation, decreased muscle tone, evaporation, increased respiration, diaphoresis, voluntary mechanisms |
|
|
Term
| What two age groups have difficulty regulating heat? Why? |
|
Definition
| Peds and elderly; cannot conserve heat produced (small bodies); slow blood circulation, vasoconstrictive response, skin atrophy |
|
|
Term
| Describe the physiology of fever |
|
Definition
| exogenous pyrogen stimulates host cells to release endogenous pyrogen; endogenous pyrogen causes hypothalamus to increase heat production to raise body temp; peripheral vasoconstriction, shivering |
|
|
Term
| What are two benefits of fever? |
|
Definition
| kills many microorganisms; facilitates the immune response |
|
|
Term
| What 3 hormones help diminish febrile response naturally? |
|
Definition
| Arginin vaopressin (AVP), melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) and Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRH) |
|
|
Term
| What are the negative effects of antipyretic meds and when should they be used? |
|
Definition
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDS); suppress fever and can affect body's defense against infection; use when temp over 101 |
|
|
Term
| What are the febrile responses in the elderly and children? |
|
Definition
| elderly have decreased or absent febrile response (mental status change is sign of infection); children have increased febrile response that can lead to seizures if not treated |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 forms of pathologic hyperthermia? |
|
Definition
| heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke |
|
|
Term
ID the condition:
severe spasmodic cramps in abs and extremities; fever rapid pulse, increased BP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID the condition:
collapse due to prolonged high core or environ. temp.;dizziness, weakness, nausea, syncope (fainting) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID the condition:
breakdown in overstressed thermoregulatory center; cerebral edema, degeneration of CNS, swollen dendrites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What group is more susceptible to heat stroke? |
|
Definition
| children; they produce more metabolic heat when exercising |
|
|
Term
| Describe malignant hyperthermia |
|
Definition
| complication of inherited muscular disorder; increase Ca release or decrease Ca uptake with muscle contraction; causes sustained muscle contractions, increased O2 consumption and lactic acid production |
|
|
Term
| Hypothermia is a body temperature of less than ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of hypothermia? |
|
Definition
| accidental and therapeutic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bare nerve endings in skin, muscle, joints and arteries |
|
|
Term
| What structure allows for the injured body part to retract before pain is perceived |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of pathways are responsible for modulating pain sensation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of endorphins in efferent neuromodulation? |
|
Definition
| inhibit the transmission of pain impulses in the spinal cord and brain |
|
|
Term
| What affect do endorphins have on opiate receptors on afferent neurons? |
|
Definition
| inhibit release of excitatory neurotransmitters to CNS |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of prostaglandins? |
|
Definition
| pain; stimulate nociceptors; promote afferent pathway of nociception |
|
|
Term
| What are the classic signs of inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the SNS stimulation for acute pain? |
|
Definition
| tachycardia, hypertension, diaphoresis, decreased intestine motility |
|
|
Term
| If acute pain is persistent, what effect does it have on the GI tract? |
|
Definition
| increase gastric acid secretion (cortisol secretion) |
|
|
Term
| What 3 psychological changes accompany chronic pain? |
|
Definition
| depression, sleeping/eating disorders, pain preoccupation |
|
|
Term
| What type of pain is most common in diabetics? |
|
Definition
| neuropathic pain (trauma or disease of nerves) |
|
|
Term
| What is the sleep center and its major neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus; hypocreatins (ovexins) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two phases of sleep? Which one occurs most often? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NREM is dominated by what part of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| REM sleep is dominated by what part of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 classifications of sleeping disorders? |
|
Definition
| initiating sleep, sleep disordered breathing, sleep/wake cycle, sleep stages and partial arousals |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 characteristic changes in blood vessels as a result of inflammation? |
|
Definition
| vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, WBC summoned to area of injury |
|
|
Term
ID:
when WBC rush to the site of injury in inflammatory response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID:
When WBC migrate through vessel walls to site of injury |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 classic signs of inflammation? |
|
Definition
| calor (heat), rubor (redness), tumor (edema), dolor (pain), loss of function |
|
|
Term
| The vascular response regarding inflammation is facilitated by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one of the most important chemical mediator in inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cellular bags of granules (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, momocytes/macrophages) in CT |
|
|
Term
| What 3 plasma protein systems are key to an effective inflammatory response? |
|
Definition
| complement system, coagulation, kinin |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 cellular mediators of inflammation? |
|
Definition
| granulocytes, natural killer cells, platelets |
|
|
Term
| All granulocytes are what kind of cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of phagocyte is only predominate in early inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cell arrives at the inflammatory site 3-7 days after neutrophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils defend against what kind of foreign body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cell functions in eliminating cancer cells? |
|
Definition
| Natural Killer (NK) cells |
|
|
Term
| What was the most common anti-inflammatory medication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to erythrocytes in the presence of acute phase reactants? |
|
Definition
| they aggregate resulting in increased sedimentation |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of performing an ESR test? |
|
Definition
| to detect occult processes and monitor inflammatory conditions |
|
|
Term
| What is the physiological state of erythrocytes? |
|
Definition
| buoyant and settle slowly |
|
|
Term
| How long does chronic inflammation last and what is it characterized by? |
|
Definition
| 2 wks; mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 stimuli for acute inflammation? |
|
Definition
| infections, tissue necrosis, foreign bodies and immune reactions |
|
|
Term
ID Plasma Protein System:
opsonization of pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID Plasma Protein System:
forms fibrinous meshwork at an inflamed site |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID Plasma Protein System:
functions to activate and assist inflammatory cells; dilations of blood vessels and leukocyte chemotaxis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean when CRP or ESR is increased? |
|
Definition
| Systemic evidence of inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What is a sign that the inflammation is chronic and not acute? |
|
Definition
| the presence of monocytes/macrophages |
|
|
Term
| The body attempts to wall off an infected area using ____ in chronic inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID:
thickening and scarring of CT following chronic injury |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe healing by primary intention |
|
Definition
| clean incision with little filling in or epithelialization |
|
|
Term
| Describe healing by secondary intention |
|
Definition
| an open wound that requires tissue replacement and epithelialization; takes longer |
|
|
Term
| What are the two phases of healing by secondary intention? |
|
Definition
| reconstructive; maturation |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for healing by third intention? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one of the causes of deficient collagen formation? |
|
Definition
| poor nutrition: vitamin C, protein, iron copper |
|
|
Term
| What is the name for excess collagen formation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a form of wound disruption? |
|
Definition
| dehiscence (wound separation) |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range for osmolality and the equation? |
|
Definition
| 280-294; 2(Na)+BUN/2.8+Blood glucose/18 |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal BUN range? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forces favoring filtration-forces opposing filtration; blood hydrostatic pressure=push (favors filtration), blood colloid osmotic pressure (opposes filtration) |
|
|
Term
| What plasma protein has a large influence on blood colloid osmotic pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal value of colloid osmotic pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BP naturally declines from aorta to arterioles from ___ to ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space |
|
|
Term
| What causes increased hydrostatic pressure? |
|
Definition
| venous obstruction; generalized increase in BP (hypertension, atherosclerosis, vasoconstriction, renal failure) |
|
|
Term
| What causes a decrease in blood colloid osmotic pressure? |
|
Definition
| decreased serum albumin, liver disease, protein malnutrition |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal value range for serum albumin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe lymphatic obstruction |
|
Definition
| lymphatic re-absorption inhibited due to tumor, removal of lymphatic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of dependent edema? |
|
Definition
| increased hydrostatic pressure hypertension |
|
|
Term
| What is triggered when ADH production increases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would cause the osmoreceptors to shrink? |
|
Definition
| increased ECF osmolality; adh secretion increases |
|
|
Term
| What would cause the osmoreceptors to swell? |
|
Definition
| decreased ECF osmolality; adh secretion decreases; urine output increases |
|
|
Term
| What is the physiologic range of sodium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the physiologic value for chloride? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What system is responsible for the sodium chloride balance? |
|
Definition
| renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
|
|
Term
| What 4 things stimulate the secretion of renin? |
|
Definition
| low BP, low volume, low serum sodium (hyponatremia), sympathetic response |
|
|
Term
| What is the most potent vasoconstrictor of the RAA system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of NPs? |
|
Definition
| lose Na and water; decrease in BP |
|
|
Term
| What range of tonicity of blood serums is within normal limits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do isotonic alterations occur? |
|
Definition
| when total body water changes are accompanied by proportional changes in electrolytes |
|
|
Term
| hypertonicity leads to ___ of cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At which stage of hypovolemic shock does lactic acid and metabolic acidosis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the typical range of K? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the typical value of calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca and P are regulated by what 3 hormones? |
|
Definition
| PTH, Vitamin D, Calcitonin |
|
|
Term
| What are the typical values of phosphate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of phosphate? |
|
Definition
| provides energy for muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| What are the typical values for Magnesium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the typical range for CO2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the 3 specific effects of Beta 1 receptors on the heart |
|
Definition
increased HR= chronotropic
increased heart contraction=ionotropic
increased speed of conduction=dronotropic |
|
|
