Term
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Definition
| bacteria that must have iron to multiply |
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|
Term
| What are the two main types of bacteria? |
|
Definition
| gram positive and gram negative |
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|
Term
| What are 3 characteristics of bacteria? |
|
Definition
| capsules, toxins and enzymes |
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Term
|
Definition
| based on chemical and physical properties of bacterial cell walls; 1st step in bacteria ID; often takes <1 hr |
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Term
|
Definition
| from lysed gram negative bacteria; activates inflammatory response |
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Term
| Bacterial protein toxins are strongly ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Endotoxins refers to the ____ complex associated with outer membrane of gram-negative pathogens |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Endotoxins have strongly ___ effects |
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Definition
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|
Term
| LPs acts as the ___ ____ which promotes secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A disease caused by fungi is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a sign of a dermophyte fungal infection? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 countermeasures against pathogen defenses? |
|
Definition
| innate, vaccines, antimicrobials |
|
|
Term
| Describe bacterial culture sensitivity |
|
Definition
| When an organism has been cultured and is subjected to various antibiotics to determine sensitivity or resistance |
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|
Term
| Describe early hyperdynamic septic shock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe late hypodynamic septic shock |
|
Definition
| typical shock manifestations of tachycardia and cold clammy skin; hypotension |
|
|
Term
| What types of mutations occur in the cancer cell? |
|
Definition
| signal from cell surface receptor is in on position; mutation in ras intracellular signaling protein; activation of protein kinases; inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (p53) |
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Term
|
Definition
| causes cell growth and differentiation; mutation can cause inappropriate transmission signals inside a cell |
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|
Term
| What allows cancer cells to divide indefinitely? |
|
Definition
| telomerase gene is turned on producing an enzyme that rebuilds telomeres so instead of division stopping when the telomeres are gone it can continue |
|
|
Term
| What is the benefit of the G0 phrase? |
|
Definition
| helps us understand cancer treatment protocols with rounds of treatment |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 characteristics of malignant cells? |
|
Definition
| autonomy, anaplasia (loss of differentiation), transformation (normal cell becomes cancerous), progress, hyperplasia, dysplasia (variation of cell shape and size) |
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|
Term
| How are cancer cells able to migrate to other areas of the body? |
|
Definition
| Low levels of fibronectin |
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Term
|
Definition
| ability to create a blood supply |
|
|
Term
| What substance do bacteria use to get their nutrition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the result of cancer cells that produce plasminogen activating factor? |
|
Definition
| production of fibrin that degrades extracellular tissue during tumor invasion |
|
|
Term
ID cancer type from the affected area:
epithelial tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID cancer type from the affected area:
CT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID cancer type from the affected area:
glandular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID cancer type from the affected area:
CNS tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID cancer type from the affected area:
lymphatic tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID cancer type from the affected area:
bone marrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the aspects of the TNM system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID cancer stage:
cancer is confined to organ of origin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID cancer stage:
locally invasive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID cancer stage:
regional structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID cancer stage:
distant sites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two theories regarding carcinogenesis? |
|
Definition
| monoclonal (single mutated cell is great grandfather of tumor); cell accidents (several cell accidents occur resulting in tumor development) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical found in an organism that is not expected to be there; |
|
|
Term
| Describe the tumor immune surveillance theory of carcinogenesis |
|
Definition
| the immune system can recognize tumor cells and kill them |
|
|
Term
| What are the two important steps of metastasis? |
|
Definition
| penetration into lyphatics, blood vessels or body cavities; transport into lymph or blood |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 common sites of distant mesastasis? |
|
Definition
| lungs, liver, bones and brain |
|
|
Term
| Pain is more likely to occur in what kind of stages of cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most frequently reported symptom of cancer and cancer treatment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most severe form of malnutrition related to cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| present in 80% of cancer patients at death; results in wasting/emaciation; anorexia-cachexia is common cause of cancer death; early satiety |
|
|
Term
| Describe tumor necrosis factor |
|
Definition
| Cachectin; natural production is protective, defense against infection, destruction of malignant cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the result of unregulated production of cachectin? |
|
Definition
| wasting, cachexia inflammatory/autoimmune disease; septic shock |
|
|
Term
| What is an important risk factor regarding cancer related infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe paraneoplastic syndromes |
|
Definition
| symptom complexes that can't be explained by local or distant spread of the tumor |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of paraneoplastic syndromes? |
|
Definition
| endocrinopathies (cushing syndrome, polycythemia), dermatologic disorders, nephrotic syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What is often used to treat praneoplastic syndrome? |
|
Definition
| anti-gout meds (allopinurinal)-an antiurecemic |
|
|
Term
| What are two possible results of cortisol secretion? |
|
Definition
| hyperglycemia and repressed immune function |
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