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| A person or group who function interdependently to accomplish common goals over an extended period of time. |
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| A process of acting and reacting between systems and is defined as a constanct exchange between systems, in which each shapes & influences the other over time |
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Process of mutual influence.
Example: Mom helping two siblings with homework when the baby begins to cry, mom reacts poorly and tends to baby, the two older siblings then get mad, then mom gets frustrated. |
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| 6 characteristics basic to all living systems |
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Boundaries- borders/lines of separation that distinguish the system from the rest of the enviornment.
Adaptation- a systems capacity to adjust to a changing enviornment conditions & demands.
Steady state- maintain equilibrium
Energy- natural power of involvement between people & their enviornments
Communication- process when information is transferred
Organization- systems are organized in order to acheive goals. |
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| Explores relationship between the individual and the enviornment |
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| Functions of the limbic system |
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Thalamus- gateway for sensory infromation
Neocortex- mediates conscious experiences
Hippocampus- accessible forms of memory |
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| What are the two parts of the brain responsible for homeostasis? |
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Hypothalamus- changes in appetite, sleeping patterns
Pituitary Gland-releases hormones, controls when we go to puberty, if messed up thyroid issues occur |
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Neurons- tiny cells in the brain, spinal cord, throughout body that send and receive nerve impulse signals & help in making decisions & sending out commands.
Neuroglia- provide neirons with mourishment & protections & structural support |
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| Where certain types of neurotransmitters are recieved (reuptakes & depression medicines) |
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| Molecules that act as chemical messages (how neurons communicate) & they can be broken down by monoamine oxidase |
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| The space where neurons send an electrical impulse down its axons releasing a neurotransmitter, which excites or inhibits the neuron & links neurons to one another. |
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| Psychic determinism, meaning that in mental functioning, nothing happens by chance, but everything has a psychological motive. Events in peoples lives are shaped by external forces and unconscious or internal forces. |
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| A psychodynamic theory in which views personality from several intermeshing but distinct points of view. Includes metapsychological approach: dynamic, economic, topographical, genetic, and structural. |
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| Stages of Psychosexual Development (Freud) |
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Definition
Oral- mouth is focus of pleasure
Anal- anus is focus of pleasure
Phallic- sexual curiosity & gratification when masturbate, opposite parent fantasies and guilt (Oedipus complex, penis envy)
Latency- sexual urges submerge focus on mastery skills
Genital- adolescence- adult desires, seek to satisfy
OAPLG |
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| Set of theoretical concepts about human behavior that focus on the origins, development, stucture, & functioning of the executive arm of the personality- the ego- & its relationship to other aspects of the personality & the external enviornment. |
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| Ego strength (internal psychological equipment that an individual brings to his interactions with others & with the social enviornment) & ego weaknesses (reflects the deficiencies in an individual's internal equipment that may lead to maladaptive transactions with the social enviornment.) |
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| Psychological strategies brought by unconscious to deny reality, originate in psychosexual development |
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Hartman
Proposed certain ego functions are innate & autonomous & independent of instinctual drives. A person capacity to have positive interactions & successful adaptations with their enviornment |
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| An individual is born "preadapted" to an "average expectable enviornment" & matures independent of conflict. |
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| Stages of Pyschosocial Development (Erikson) |
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Trust vs Mistrust- trust or mistrust adults for basic needs
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt- exercise their own will
Initiative vs Guilt- initiate their own activites
Industry vs Inferiority- competence of activities
Identity vs Role Diffusion- sense of personal identity
Intimacy vs Isolation- find a life long companion
Generativity vs Stagnation- willing to raise the next generation
Integrity vs Despair- make sense of prior experience |
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| generalizations that are stored in memory & influence the cognitive processes of attention, encoding, retrival, and influences |
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| irrational thought patterns that contribute to feelings of depression & anxiety |
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| Racial Identity Development |
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| race is a socially constructed term, nevessary to racism, and important in identifying |
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multiple opressions overlapping
Ex: elderly, African American female |
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| Black Identity Development Model (Cross) |
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Definition
Pre encounter- devaluing blackness/valuing whiteness
Encounter- awareness of blackness. Motivated to search for black identity
Immersion/Emersion- withdrawl form white culture & immersion in black culture. Develops anto white/ black pride attitude.
Internalization- inner security & positive sense of black identity & overall personality
Internalization/Commitment- advocate social change and rights of black community
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| Racial Cultural Identity Model (Sue & Sue) |
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Stage 1- Conformity: self depreciating
Stage 2- Dissonance & Appreciating: Conflict between self depreciating & appreciation
Stage 3- resistance & Immersion: Self Appreciation
Stage 4- Introspection: Concern with basis of self-appreciation
Stage 5- Integrative Awareness: Self Appreciation |
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| Biracial Identity Development |
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Definition
Refers to a person whos parents are of two different racial backgrounds.
Neutrality- awareness or acceptance of racial differences existing.
Acceptance- recognition & acceptance of racial heritage
Awareness- understanding of what it means to be racially different from others
Experimentation- attempt to identify more with one racial group to determine own racial identity
Transition- movement towards a sense of racial self recognition
Recognition- individual accepts their biracial heritage and appreciates who they are |
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| Ethnic Identity Development |
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| refers to how ethnic groups define themselves and maintain meaning for living & individually as a group |
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| White Identity Development (Sue & Sue) |
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| The Abandonment of Racism & Non Racist White Identity |
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| Womanist Identity Development (Helms) |
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Definition
Pre Encounter- constricted view aout her role which conforms to society's beliefs
Encounter- woman questions beliefs previously held
Immersion/Emersion- actively rejects societal definitions of woman hood
Internalization- incorporates positive definition os womanhood based on personal attributions and experiences |
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| Homosexual Identity Development (Trioden) |
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A complex process where individuals recognize & accept their sexual preference through two underlying processes: Self-catagorization & self- labeling.
Stage 1- sensitization, feeling different through social expieriences."Who Am I"
Stage 2- self-recognition, identity confusion, begin to label feelings as "homosexual." "I am different."
Stage 3- identity assumption, begin to act on sexual preference. "I am probably lesbian or gay."
Stage 4- commutment, identity recognition, those who adopt homosexuality as a way of life. "I am lesbian or gay." |
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There is a hierarchical element to class in our society that becomes part of identity.
Capitalist Class- prestigous
Upper Middle Class- professionals & midsize business owners
Middle Class- semiprofessionals
Working Class- blue collar
Working poor- low wage sectors
Underclass- dependent on social assisstance |
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| Defining family is nearly impossible because of diversity. |
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| Family blood ties, both veritcal (multigenerational) & horizontal (kinship), living or dead, geographically close or distant, known or unknown, pyschologically relevant, includes adopted members not related by blood |
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| Family as Inimate Enviornment (or Family of Choice) |
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| the family constellation in which people have chosen to live |
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| The ways in which the systems tasks are divided and coordinated, its patterns of authority, communication and interactions. Established patterns of relationships & interactions within the family that occur over time. |
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| Form on the basis of characteristics such as age, gender, and function (smaller group of the bigger group) |
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| The organization of a family in which the parental subsystem has the most authoirty, provides guidance, and has the decision-making role (families that lack this are often dysfunctional) |
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| 2 types of roles within a family system |
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Instrumental roles- deal with socioeconomic tasks like care taking, wage earning, household management
Expressive Roles- emotional tasks like the good child, the rebel |
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| Stages of the family life cycle |
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Leaving home single young adults- accepting emotional & financial responsibility for self.
Joining of families through marrige/New couple- commitment to new system
Families with young children- accepting new members into the system
Families with adolsencents- Increasing flexibility of family boundries to include children's independence and grandparents families
Launching children and moving on- accepting a multitude of exits from and entries to the family system
Families in later life- Accepting the shifting on generational roles. |
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| Socioeconomic Stress that occurs within a Family |
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| Economic downturn, racism and oppression, chronic poverty, disruptive social policies, inadequate social supports, immigration, war, natural disasters. |
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| Blended/Reconstituted Family |
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| A family which both parents were previously divorced and which includes a child or children from each of the previous marriages. |
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| A small face to face collection of people who interact to accomplish some purpose- open, dynamic, with common problem & common goal or purpose |
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| Dynamic forces of mutual aid within a group |
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| Mutual Support, cohesiveness, quality of relationships, universality, a sense of hope, altruism, acquisiton of knowledge and skills, catharis, and reality testing. |
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| Emerges from the requirements of a particular situation of expertise |
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Created by the position that a person holds
Ex: the chair of a committee has positional leadership |
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| Those who control the behaviors of group members by making decisions and assigning tasks with little or no input from them |
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| Contingency model of leadership |
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Definition
| recognizes that no style of leadership is effective in every situation |
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| Tend to discuss goals with the members, encourage their participation, and allow shared decision making |
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| 2 basic styles of leadership |
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| Task-oriented & Interpersonally oriented leadership |
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| What are the 8 Components of a group |
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Definition
Social Context- include attention to influences, the geographic community, the agency climate, and any cultural attitudes toward participation in groups.
Agency Context- the needs or problems that population is facing that needs services.
Need- problems or needs as perceived by the agency staff.
Purpose- what the group is hoping to accomplish
Theoretical Framework- forms the conceptual basis for how the purpose will be understood and implemented
Composition- the numbers & characteristics of both the leader and the members
Stucture- the arrangements that are made to facillitate the group
Content- what wil actually transpire or take place when the group meets |
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| Treatment Groups & Task Groups |
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