Primary health care model

 proposed by Shoultz and Hatcher, the focus is health care for all members of the community, with a multisectoral approach.

Clinical practice guidelines

are a useful blueprint for providing health promotion and disease prevention services to individuals in primary care and public health settings.

Risk reduction.

programs are aimed toward facilitating behaviors that enables people to react to threats to health through early identification and avoidance of risks.

Health-risk appraisal

a method for estimating an individuals health threats because of demographic, behavioral and personal characteristics.

Parish nursing & Faith community nursing

focuses on the care of the spirit as part of the process of promoting holistic health and preventing illness in a faith community

Case finding

screening that occurs on an individual or a one on one basis

Health fair

a type of screening program that usually includes a large number of exhibits, resources, and services including screening tests that are specific to the targeted population, general health information, booths and exhibits from health-related community organizations, and counseling and referral services.

Mass screenings

 used to denote the applications of screening test to large populations

Multiphasic screening

used to denote the application of multiple screening tests on the same occasion.

Presumptive identification of disease

a screening test is positive (abnormal) one can only PRESUME that the disease is present, more test must be done.

Process evaluation

concerned with clinical nursing care, but it also focuses on administrative and fiscal issues.

Referral

an essential component of any screening program, is the process of directing persons to resources to meet needs.

Reliability

refers to the consistency or reproductibility of test results over time and between examiners.

Screening

the process of using clinical tests and/ or examinations to identify patients who require additional health related interventions.

Primary prevention

aimed at altering the susceptibility or reducing the exposure of persons who are at risk for developing a specific disease

Secondary prevention

aimed at the early detection and treatment of illnesses, Screening

Tertiary prevention

aimed at the limiting existing disability in persons in the early stages of disease and at providing rehabilitation for persons who have experienced a loss of function resulting from a disease process or injury.

Sensitivity

 the ability of a screening test to identify correctly persons who have the disease

Specificity

the ability of the screening test to identify persons who are normal or without disease and who correctly test negative when screened.

Validity

the ability of the screening test to distinguish correctly between persons with and those without the disease.

Andragogy

the teaching learning style, is most important in the process of teaching adults.

Advocacy

the act of pleading for, supporting, or recommending, active espousal

Behavioral objectives

 reflect changes in the learner that are observable or measurable

Health Education

focuses on health promotion and disease prevention

Health literacy

the ability of individuals to obtain, process, and understand basic health information to make health decisions.

Low literacy

 not only indicates a clients lack of reading ability, but also affects his or her ability to understand oral instructions.

Patient education

 used to describe a series of planned teaching-learning activities designed for individuals, families, or groups who have an identified alteration in health.

Self-efficacy

the motivational factor that determines if an individual participates in self care activities and to what extend. Important attitude for learners.

Pre-initiation or Preplanning phase

Initiation or Introductorary phase

Working Phase

Ending Phase

state and federal contributions

differs state to state

includes children, pregnant women, and disabled

skilled and unskilled care at home

dones not require homebound status

Consultation

seeking the advice or opinion of an expert.

Empathy

 the ability to put yourself in someone else’s shoes and to be able to walk in her or his footsteps so as to understand her or his journey.

Family focus

 thinking of the health of each family member and of the entire family per se and considering the effects f the interrelatedness of the family members on health.

Genuineness

 means that what you say and do is consistent with your understand of the situation

Home visit

 a purposeful interaction in a home (or residence) directed at promoting and maintaining the health of individuals and the family (or significant others)

Positive regard

 involves looking for the common human experiences

Presence

 being related interpersonally in ways that reveal positive regard, empathy, genuineness, and caring concern

Referral

the act or instance of sending or directing someone for treatment, aid, information, or a decision.

School Nursing

 a specialized practice of professional nursing that advances the wellbeing, academic success, and lifelong achievement of students.

Federal Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

 ensures confidentiality of school records, protects the privacy of student records by limiting access to parents, students over age 18 or emancipated minors, and educators who have a legitimate educational interest.

Health Services

 critically important to the welfare of students and very important to the educational mission of schools.

Healthy School Environment

has both physical and psychosocial aspects.

Individual education program (IEP)

 identifies the special education and related services the students need.

Individualized family service plan

documents and guides the early intervention process for children with disabilities and their families. The IFSP is the vehicle through which effective early intervention is implemented in accordance with Part C of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). It contains information about the services necessary to facilitate a child's development and enhance the family's capacity to facilitate the child's development. Through the IFSP process, family members and service providers work as a team to plan, implement, and evaluate services tailored to the family's unique concerns, priorities, and resources.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

 passed in 1997, congress passed amendments to the IDE further defining the responsibility of school districts to provide students aged 3-21 years old with disability participation in the general education

No Child Left Behind Act

 focuses on increasing accountability for student progress and achievement. This act ensures that parents, citizens, educators, administrators, and policy makers have information about the local schools and their ability to meet the academic needs of their students. The information is to be used at the state and local levels to improve elementary and secondary school performance and to guarantee that no child is trapped in failing school.

Visiting nurse association (VNAs)

were developed in the US by philanthropists, usually wealthy women who wanted to assist the poor in improving their health.

Hospice

 a philosophy of care rather than a place of care, designed to provide palliative care to terminally ill clients in both the home and inpatient institutions

Medicare certification.

 that the agency meets the conditions of participation which are outlined in rules, standards, and criteria established by the federal government.

Outcome Assessment and Information Set (OASIS)

a group of standard data elements developed, tested and refined over the past two decades through an extensive research and demonstration program funded largely by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), The OASIS data elements are designed to enable systematic comparative measurement of home health care patient outcomes at two points in time in adult skilled Medicare and Medicaid, non-maternity home health care patients.  Outcome measures are the basis for outcome-based quality improvement (OBQI) efforts that home health agencies (HHAs) can employ to assess and improve the quality of care they provide to patients.

Home health care

includes an arrangement of services provided to people in their places of residence: Professional and Technical

Home health care nursing

the provision of nursing care to acute and chronically ill and well clients of all ages in their homes while integrating public health nursing principles that focus on health promotion and on environmental, psychosocial, economic, cultural, and personal health factors that affect an individual’s and family’s health status.

Deemed status

refers to the Medicare conditions of participation.

1- identify the disease (what is it)

2- isolate the causatvie agent

3- determine the method of transaction

4- establishing the susceptibility of the population at risk

5- estimating the impact on the population and what kind of impact it will have

   Epidemiology-

 the discipline that provides the structure for systematically studying the distribution and determinants of health, disease, and conditions related to health status.   

 Rate

 a statistic used to describe an event or characteristic. Is used to make comparisons among populations or to compare a subgroup of the population with the total population.

       Ratio

 the comparison of one number with another.

  Mortality

 death rates (statistics regarding around it)

  Morbidity

 illness rates (statistics regarding around it)

    Incidence

 refers to the rate at which a specific disease develops in a population. The incidence rate is the number of new cases of an illness or injury that occurs within a specified time.

     Prevalence

measures all of the existing cases at a given point. It includes the new cases pull all of the existing cases. It is influenced by how many people become ill and how many people recover or die.

         Descriptive studies

describe the amount and distribution of disease within a population. It relies on a collection of existing data and answers the following questions: who, what , why , when

     Correlation studies

relationship between variables

        Analytic studies

 use observational methodology, but in contrast to simple descriptive designs, analytic studies begin to answer question about cause and effect relationships between a potential risk factor and a specific health phenomenon or disease condition.

         Agent

 causative microorganism

       Host

human or animal incubating the agent or the environment

         Epidemiologic triangle

 a change in any factor of this triangle has the potential to change the balance of health (the person, the causative agent, or the environment)

  Web of Causation

 model that has been use since the 60s to describe the multifactor  cause of disease

  Primary prevention

is aimed at altering the susceptibility or reducing the exposure of persons who are at risk for developing a specific disease. It includes general health promotion and specific protective measures in the pre-pathogenesis stage, which are designed to improve the health and well-being of the population.

      Secondary prevention

 is aimed at early detection and prompt treatment either to cure a disease as early as possible or to slow its progression, thereby preventing disability or complications. Screenings.

       Tertiary prevention

 is aimed at limiting existing disability in persons in the early stages of disease and at providing rehabilitation for persons who have experienced a loss of function resulting from a disease process or injury. (problems post disease)

   Health information systems

are data collection systems for gathering health statistics and other health related information at the population level and may include collection of vital statistics, surveillance, surveys, and records.

     Vital statistics

 the term used for the data collected from the ongoing registration of vital events such as death certificates, birth certificates, and marriage certificates.

 Surveillance

is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and dissemination of health information for the purpose of monitoring and containing specific, primarily contagious, diseases.

      Epidemics

 outbreaks of infection affecting a large number of people than would be expected, all at the same time.

     Pandemics

outbreaks affecting extremely high numbers of people, usually in many countries. (focus on countries)

       Minority 

 refers to a group of individuals who share a common ethnicity or ancestry (characteristic) and who represent a smaller proportion of the population than the largest represented group. African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, Pacific Islanders, Native Americans, and Alaska Natives.

     Bioterrorism

the use of disease producing agents as weapons, is also a growing concern of public health agencies.

·         Drug-resistant disease

are communicable disease and are a special concern not only because they are more complicated to treat but also because the delay in control increases the risk of infection for every person, including health care workers. Neisseria gonorrheoeae, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aurous, Salmonella, Shigella sonnei (MERSA, C-DIFF, VRE)

 Sources of contamination

  vehicles of transmission, person to person, droplets, and contaminated environmental objects such as doorknobs, utensils, and bed linens can transmit viruses.

         Nosocomial infections

 intubation devices, intracranial pressure monitors, and respiratory nebulizers are all sources of infections. May account for 15% of hospital deaths. Received from the hospital.

      Pathogenicity

 seriousness; encompasses invasiveness and virulence, terms used to assess the strength of the agent in victims.

         Virulence

highly virulent (stronger) organisms cause greater morbidity and mortality.

       Resistance

 ability to resist a medication, the ability to not allow a drug to take care of it

     Natural immunity

occurs when the individual has been infected with the disease and develops immunity because of the body’s antigen-antibody response to the infection. (first is from mom)

        Artificial immunity

is developed through vaccination rather than through exposure to a communicable disease, it can be active or passive. Is a result of vaccination with live, killed, or attenuate organisms or a toxoid of the agent.

·         Prophylactic measures

measures aimed at reducing the risk of illness in persons who have already been exposed to a communicable disease.

        Environmental health

comprises those aspects of human health, including quality of life, that are determined by physical, chemical, biologic, social, and psychologic problems in the environment. It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing, correcting, controlling, and preventing those factors in the environment that can potentially affect adversely the health of present and future generation.

    Exposure assessment

 of the potential environmental hazards should be included in every health history.

        “Right to know”

 statutes and regulations can be established about specific contaminants expelled into the environment.

·         Occupational Safety and Health Administration

a federal agency that lead business and industries to develop new occupational safety and health programs.

        Hazardous waste

any discarded material that might pose a substantial threat or potential danger to human health when improperly handled.

       Assessment

 a key component of all public health practice and involves collecting data that helps to describe the population, its health status, and the health risks.

       Risk communication

often occurs in a community and usually occurs when there is already some concern about an exposure.

      Environmental justice

refers to the disproportionally high exposures of low-income and minority populations to environmental health risks, such as air pollution, hazardous waste incinerators, toxic landfills, pesticides, lead exposure, and unsafe drinking water.