Term
| A cloned library of an entire genome contains |
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Definition
| all the genes of an organism |
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Term
| A _____________ would be best for screening a large number of genes at the same time for detection of mutant genes |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzymes that recognize a specific base sequence in a DNA molecule and cleave or nick the DNA at that site are called |
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Definition
| restriction endonucleases |
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Term
| Research studies by ___________ showed that genes or gene segments called "jumping genes or transposons" could move to different genes on different chromosomes; thereby giving altered phenotypes. |
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Term
| ______________ is the technique used to examine DNA fragments on filters separated by electrophoresis and screened by either DNA or RNa probes. |
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Definition
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| _________ is the technique used to examine RNA transcripts on filters separated by electrophoresis and screened by either DNA or RNA probes. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is a technique used to produce large amounts of specific DNA sequences, usually from a very small amount of DNA |
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Definition
| Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
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Term
| Once DNA strands are cut ________ links DNA strands back together to yield and intact DNA strand. |
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Definition
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| ______________ is the enzyme used to convert RNA to DNA |
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Definition
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| ___________ is the technique used in crime scene evidence |
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Definition
| Restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses |
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Term
| __________ is a gene product that can be commercially produced by human gene transfer to bacteria and harvesting the bacterial grown gene product. |
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Definition
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Term
| Restriction enzymes _______________ |
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Definition
| Recognize specific nucleotide sequences in DNA and often produce single-stranded tails |
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Term
| The statement "cancer is a genetic disorder" means: |
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Definition
| most cancers develop because of multiple mutational events |
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Term
| Spontaneous cancers are not: |
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Definition
| genetically homogeneous within an individual |
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Term
| If you remove the phosphorylation sites in the Rb protein |
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Definition
| the cell cycle would be blocked in G1 |
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Term
| Using the car and driver analogy the tumor suppressor genes are the _______ while the oncogenes are the _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is the proto-oncogene that gave rise to the oncogene ERB-B/Her2/Neu |
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Definition
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Term
| Bishop and Varnus were pioneers in the discovery of _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemical carcinogens, such as the multitude of carcinogens in cigarettes can cause cancer by a pathway designated as: |
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Definition
| initiation, promotion, and tumor progression |
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Term
| The leading cause of cancer deaths in men and women is _______ cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| Which gene most likely mutates causing rapid tumor growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is a component of cigarette smoke and is one of the most potent mutagens and carcinogens known. |
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Definition
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Term
| Movement of cancer cells from the primary site of origin to another site is referred to as: |
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Definition
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Term
| An IgG antibody is composed of ___ heavy chain(s) and ___ light chain(s). |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is the main antibody in the primary response and ___ is the secondary response. |
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Definition
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Term
| Her-2/Neu is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The genome of non-transforming retroviruses is composed of: |
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Definition
| long terminal repeats, gag gene, pol gene, and env gene |
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Term
| The probability that cancer will develop is greatly increased if a particular human cell possesses: |
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Definition
| mutation of DNA repair genes |
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Term
| The immune response system can distinguish between |
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Definition
| self from non-self, altered self, and pathogens |
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Term
| ______ and _____ are the two branches of the immune response system |
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Definition
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Term
| Lymphoid cells mature into T cells in an organ called the |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ or _____ cells are the cell type that secrete antibodies. |
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Definition
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Term
| The specificity region of an antibody is referred to as |
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Definition
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Term
| The class of antibody that crosses the placenta into the fetus is |
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Definition
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Term
| The class of antibodies that causes allergies is |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is an immune disorder in humans where the immune system destroys self. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tumor cells within an individual are recognized as altered self and are destroyed by |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ antibodies trigger the allergic reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| The best match for an organ donation is an _______. In general siblings have a ______ chance of a match. |
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Definition
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Term
| HIV infects and destroys ______ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| _ is the blood type that can be donated to all blood types. |
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Definition
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Term
| _ is the blood type whose serum can be donated to anyone. |
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Definition
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Term
| A person with type B blood can donate whole blood to someone who is type _. |
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Definition
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Term
| Genes that are said to show "linkage" are |
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Definition
| located near each other on the same chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The process of DNA sequencing is |
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Definition
| Fragments of DNA are produced in a reaction that labels them with any of four different fluorescent dyes, and the fragments are then run on a gel and scanned with a laser. |
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Term
| The ability of the immune system to secrete antibodies with specificity to a diverse array of foreign substances is due to |
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Definition
| humans having multiple V-region light and dark chain genes with specificity to foreign antigens |
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Term
| A couple have four children: one is normal, one has early onset retinoblastoma in both eyes and two have late onset retinoblastoma in one eye only. What are the genotypes of both parents? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| are non-cancerous growths that do not spread to other tissues |
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Term
| What are the stages involved in developing cancer? |
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Definition
| multiple mutational events accumulate over long periods of time |
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Term
| A proto-oncogene is a gene that normally functions to |
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Definition
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Term
| Women who carry mutations in BRCA 1 and 2 genes are at ______ risk for developing ______ cancer. |
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Definition
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Term
| Clones in a genomic library are identified by hybridizing them with a ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The first step in PCR is ______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| In most cases protein kinases ___________________. |
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Definition
| Add phosphate groups to proteins. |
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Term
| ______ would be an effective approach to a new cancer therapy. |
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Definition
| Finding a way to stabilize p53 specifically in tumor cells, preventing nucleotide synthesis in tumor cells, inactivating the Her2 receptor on tumor cells, and inhibiting growth of new blood vessels |
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Term
| ___________ are dietary precautions for preventing cancer. |
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Definition
| Avoiding obesity, reducing fat intake, reduce caloric intake, and eating more vegetables |
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Term
| Helper, memory, and suppressor T-cells are all part of the ______ immunity system. |
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Definition
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Term
| An attenuated vaccine is composed of _____. |
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Definition
| living, weakened microorganisms. |
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Term
| Desensitization to an allergen involves injection of the allergen beneath the skin to induce production of ___ immunoglobulins. |
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Definition
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Term
| Loss of function in tumor suppressor genes would cause: |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ and _______ can be used as a vector in cloning experiments. |
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Definition
| Plasmids, bacteriophage lambdas |
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Term
| In cancer development the _____ gene normally functions to suppress cell division. |
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Definition
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Term
| A _____ gene, such as expressed by endothelial cells, enhances tumor development. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hereditary cases of retinoblastoma requires _ mutation(s) for cancer to develop, whereas sporadic retinoblastoma requires _. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ genes are genes that help maintain the integrity of the genome. |
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Definition
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Term
The highest incidence for cancer in women is _____, while in men it's ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The class of immunoglobulin involved in Rh incompatibility is: |
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Definition
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Term
| The ____ marriage between mother and child would be classified as Rh incompatible. |
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Definition
Mother: Rh -/-
Child: Rh +/+ |
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Term
| By _________ a tumor cell evades the immune response system. |
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Definition
| down regulation of MHC class I |
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Term
| A method for identifying individuals by using the unique electrophoretic banding patterns generated by DNA probes for highly polymorphic repeated DNA sequences is called _____, which is also used to determine paternity. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ and ____ are the checkpoints for DNA integrity in the cell cycle. |
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Definition
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Term
| An example of a checkpoint gene that is mutated in approximately 60% of cancers is: |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ genes are involved in contributing to blood vessel formation. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is the antibody that expresses greatly enhanced levels after multiple immunizations with a foreign substance such as the polio virus. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is an example of dietary components found in cruciferous vegetables (broccoli). |
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Definition
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Term
| Approximately _____% of cancers are inherited as germ line genes. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ is the greatest risk factor for developing cancer. |
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Definition
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