Term
| Describe non-synovial joints |
|
Definition
| bones are joined by fibrous tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrous bands bone to bone; prevents unwanted movement directions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enclosed sac filled with synovial fluid |
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Term
ID Skeletal muscle movement:
bend limb |
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Definition
|
|
Term
ID Skeletal muscle movement:
straighten limb |
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Definition
|
|
Term
ID Skeletal muscle movement:
move limb away from midline |
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Definition
|
|
Term
ID Skeletal muscle movement:
move limb toward midline |
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Definition
|
|
Term
ID Skeletal muscle movement:
turn forearm palm down |
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Definition
|
|
Term
ID Skeletal muscle movement:
turn forearm palm up |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID Skeletal muscle movement:
move arm in a circle around the shoulder |
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Definition
|
|
Term
ID Skeletal muscle movement:
move sole of foot inward at ankle |
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Definition
|
|
Term
ID Skeletal muscle movement:
move sole of foot outward at ankle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID Skeletal muscle movement:
move head at central axis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
ID Skeletal muscle movement:
move body part forward parallel to the ground |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ID Skeletal muscle movement: move body part backward parallel to the ground |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID Skeletal muscle movement:
raise body part |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID Skeletal muscle movement:
lower body part |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some MS developmental considerations for the aging adult? |
|
Definition
| decrease in height, kyphosis, ROM is same unless disease is present |
|
|
Term
| What is the order of examination for MS? |
|
Definition
| inspection, palpation, ROM, Muscle testing |
|
|
Term
| Always compare ____ sides |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When comparing limbs bilaterally a discrepancy of ____ is abnormal |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Define isometric muscle contraction |
|
Definition
| without inducing movement |
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Term
|
Definition
| partial dislodgement of the bone from joint cavity |
|
|
Term
ID muscle strength grade:
complete ROM against full resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID muscle strength grade:
Complete ROM against moderate resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID muscle strength grade:
Complete ROM without resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID muscle strength grade:
Complete ROM only if joint fully supported |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID muscle strength grade:
Muscle contraction visible but insufficient to move joint |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID muscle strength grade:
no visible or palpable muscle contraction |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the phalen's test |
|
Definition
| ask person to hold both hands behind back while flexing wrists 90 deg.; should have no symptoms after 60 sec.; if so, carpel tunnel |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| direct percussion of median nerve at wrist; should have no symptoms; if so, carpel tunnel |
|
|
Term
| What is the bulge sign in the knee indicative of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is ballottement of the patella indicative of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| test for meniscal tears; pt is supine flex knee and hip, rotate leg in and out, externally rotate leg and push inward stress on knee; slowly extend knee; should be smooth, no pain |
|
|
Term
ID function of the brain lobe:
frontal |
|
Definition
| behavior, personality emotion, intellectual function |
|
|
Term
ID function of the brain lobe:
Borca's area |
|
Definition
| in frontal lobe, motor speech (functional loss = expressive aphasia |
|
|
Term
ID function of the brain lobe:
Parietal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID function of the brain lobe:
wernicke's area |
|
Definition
| temporal, language comprehension (functional loss= receptive aphasia) |
|
|
Term
| ADH, osmoreceptors and thermal receptors are located where? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the spinothalamic tract? |
|
Definition
| sensory pathway of pain, temp and light touch |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the posterior colums? |
|
Definition
| sensory pathway of position (proprioception), vibration and finely localized touch (stereognosis) |
|
|
Term
| What is the result of upper motor neuron dysfunction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the result of lower motor neuron dysfunction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 components of the reflex arc? |
|
Definition
| DTR, superficial (corneal, abdominal), visceral, pathologic |
|
|
Term
| Name the 12 cranial nerves in order |
|
Definition
| Olfactory, Optic. Occulomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, abducens, facial, acoustic, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal, hypoglossal |
|
|
Term
| What is the mnemoinc for cranial types? |
|
Definition
| Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Bad Business Marries Money |
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|
Term
| What are the developmental considerations for the aging adult regarding the nervous system? |
|
Definition
| general atrohpy with steady loss of neurons (decreased DTRs, loss of vibratory sense; decreased cerebral blood flow (loss of balance, dizziness, forgetfulness) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the glasgow coma scale |
|
Definition
| level of consciousness; 15 fully alert, 7 or less= coma |
|
|
Term
| Describe decerebrate rigidity |
|
Definition
| upper extremities stiffly extended, adducted, internal rotation, plantar flexion, teeth clenched, hyperextended back; lesion in brain stem |
|
|
Term
| Describe decorticate rigidity |
|
Definition
| flexion of arm, wrist and fingers, adduction of arm , plantar reflexion; hemispheric lesion of cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| What 3 cranial nerves are concerned with eye movement and pupil constriction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of CN 5 |
|
Definition
| motor: masseter muscles; sensory: light touch; corneal reflex (often ommitted) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the functions of CN7 |
|
Definition
| motor: facial mobility (expressions); sensory: taste |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of CN8? |
|
Definition
| hearing acuity (whisper test, weber, rinne) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of CNs 9 and 10? |
|
Definition
| motor: tongue movement (depress tongue and say "ahh"), gag reflex; sensory: taste on posterior tongue |
|
|
Term
| How do you test the function of CN11? |
|
Definition
| shrug shoulders, turn head against resistance |
|
|
Term
| How do you test the function of CN12? |
|
Definition
| stick out tongue (no wasting or tremors) say light, tight, dynamite (articulation) |
|
|
Term
| Balance tests and coordination movements test the function of what part of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the sensory system helps differentiate between sharp and dull pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tactile discrimination includes what 5 tests? |
|
Definition
| stereognosis, graphesthesia, two point discrimination, extinction, point location |
|
|
Term
| The tactile discrimination function is part of what sensory system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe how to test the following DTR:
biceps |
|
Definition
| strike thumb while it touches the biceps tendon |
|
|
Term
Describe how to test the following DTR:
tricpes |
|
Definition
| hold upper arm at side and strike elbow |
|
|
Term
Describe how to test the following DTR:
brachioradialis |
|
Definition
| strike forearm area near wrist |
|
|
Term
Describe how to test the following DTR:
achilles |
|
Definition
| hold foot in dorsiflexion and strike tendon |
|
|
Term
Describe how to test the following DTR:
clonus |
|
Definition
| briskly dorsiflex after relaxing the muscle and observe for rapid contractions |
|
|
Term
| Too much ___ can cause muscle reflexes to go away |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe a positive babinski reflex |
|
Definition
| toes fan out when upside down J is written on the foot; pathologic |
|
|
Term
| Define meningeal irritation |
|
Definition
| possible meningitis of dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater; positive meningeal signs |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| MiniMental State Exam to detect delirium and dementia; orientation, registration (repeat 3 words immediately), attention and calculation, recall (3 words from before), language; max of 30 |
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|
Term
| What is normal GU appearance and function for female newborn? |
|
Definition
| adhesions, labia/clitoris engorged; urination within 24 hrs |
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|
Term
| What is a normal GU appearance and function for male newborns? |
|
Definition
| testes palpable, edematous scrotum with rugae, no penile retraction for 3 months; urination within 24 hrs |
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|
Term
| How many voidings does an infant usually have per day and what should it look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis for hydrocele in an infant? |
|
Definition
| It will resolve on its own |
|
|
Term
| What is the first sign of puberty in a female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first sign of puberty is males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does an infant have voluntary control of swallowing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is it normal for infants to have visual peristalsis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you fix distension from gas in an infant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the digestive process complete for infants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the daily fluid intake requirements for infants? |
|
Definition
1-10kg= 100ml/kg/day
11-20= 50ml/kg/day
>20kg=20ml/kg/day |
|
|
Term
Describe the stool appearance:
meconium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe the stool appearance:
transitional stools |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe the stool appearance:
breast milk |
|
Definition
| yellow-golden; odor of sour milk (dijon and cottage cheese consistency) |
|
|
Term
Describe the stool appearance:
Formula |
|
Definition
| pale yellow-light brown; stinkier |
|
|
Term
Describe the stool appearance:
solid food |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Infants appear pot bellied until what age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 common abdominal findings in children? |
|
Definition
| umbilical hernia, diastasis recti (seperation of rectus muscles), linea nigra (benign) |
|
|
Term
| Where does active bone growth take place? |
|
Definition
| epiphyseal plate; weakest point in children |
|
|
Term
| Describe the simian crease |
|
Definition
| one line across the palm when there should be two |
|
|
Term
| When is myelination of the spinal cord nearly complete in a child? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genu varum is comon up to ___ yrs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genu valgum is aka what and is common up to what year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the medical term for bowleggedness and when does it resolve? |
|
Definition
| metatarsus adductus; 3 yrs |
|
|
Term
| What is a normal infant gait appearance? |
|
Definition
| broad based with arms out for balance |
|
|
Term
ID age range:
gait: base narrows with arms closer to sides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What age group is likely to have subluxation of the elbow from swinging them around too much? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does each age experience its prepubescent growth spurt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| flat footedness and pigeon toe is normal until what age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the assessment used during a scoliosis exam? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the closure of cranial sutures |
|
Definition
posterior: 6-8 weeks
anterior: 9-24 months |
|
|
Term
| Describe brain growth in early childhood |
|
Definition
By year 1 brain is 2.5 times birth weight
By 5-6yrs brain has tripled in size
Brain is 12% body weight at birth and 2% by adulthood |
|
|
Term
| When are sensation assessments begun in children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you check CN12 in an infant? |
|
Definition
| pinch their nose and the mouth will open to see tongue |
|
|
Term
| Describe rooting reflex in infants |
|
Definition
| when cheek is brushed, infant will turn toward that side and open its mouth |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| when infant is prone it will raise its head and arch back; "swan dive" |
|
|
Term
| Describe the plantar grasp in infants |
|
Definition
| when thumb touches ball of infant's foot, toes grasp thumb |
|
|
Term
| Describe the asymmetric tonic neck relfex of infants |
|
Definition
| supine, turn head to side with ipsilateral extension of arm/leg; "fencing" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| symmetric abduction, extension of extremities in response to movement or loud noise |
|
|
Term
| Describe thee parachute reflex |
|
Definition
| horizontal prone position, hands/fingers extend to protect from falling |
|
|
Term
| Describe the placing reflex |
|
Definition
| when infant help upright near a table feels the bottom with its foot and steps onto it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when infant help upright and feet placed on table they alternately "step" |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common permanent neurologic disability of childhood? |
|
Definition
| cerebral palsy; spasticity is early signs with cognitive and language deficits |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 behavioral warning signs of CP? |
|
Definition
| Extreme irritability, no smile by 3 months, feeding difficulties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from crawling position child uses hands to climb up legs and stand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bones density one standard deviation below that of a 30 yo white woman |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone density 2.5 standard deviations or more below an avg 30 yo white woman |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common fracture site of distal radius, proximal femur, and thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in osteoporsis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when Ca is low in the body? |
|
Definition
| PTH is realeased by parathyroid gland; kidneys activate viatmain D |
|
|
Term
| In age, bone ____ exceeds bone _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What meds causes bone loss when used for more than 6 months? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is osteoporosis 8x's more common in women than men? |
|
Definition
| lower Ca intake, less bones mass and pregnancy/breastfeeding deplete skeletal reserve of Ca |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
| dowager's hump (kyphosis), excessive height loss, atrophy and hip fractures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone density measuring machine; most accurate to determine osteoporosis diagnosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soft bones, inadequate mineralization, low absorption of Ca from intestines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pyrogenic infection of bone, bone marrow and surrounding tissue; can but acute (4-6 wks) or chronic (more than 4 wks) |
|
|
Term
| What are some predisposing factors for osteomyelitis? |
|
Definition
| diabetes, sickel cell,dental abscess, under 12 and over 50 |
|
|
Term
| Where is osteomyelitis most seen? |
|
Definition
| metaphyseal area of long bones |
|
|
Term
| Describe indirect entry in bone disease |
|
Definition
| from blood to bone to distal femur, proximal tibia, humerus and radius |
|
|
Term
| Describe direct entry in bone disease |
|
Definition
| open wound that may also occur in presence of foreign body; microorgs grow causing increased pressure, necrosis and sequesrum forms |
|
|
Term
| Describe sequestreum and involucum in osteomyelitis |
|
Definition
| sequestreum is where bone dies (infected island in bone); involcum is newe bone that seals dead bone forming a hole |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 Ps of neurovascular assessment? |
|
Definition
| parasthesia, pain, piokilothermia, pallor, paralysis, pulselessness |
|
|
Term
| What are the CMS of distal neurovascular status? |
|
Definition
| Circulationi, Movement, Sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rheumatoid arthritis; chronic systemic deforming inflammation of the synovial joints |
|
|
Term
| What type of inflammatory response is RA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation spreads causing coag products to be deposited in synovial membrane; fibrin develops into granulation tissue "pannus" (classic finding); inhibits joint tissue regeneration |
|
|
Term
| What are the commonly affected joints of RA? |
|
Definition
| fingers, feet wrists elbows knees |
|
|
Term
| Describe the clinical manifestations of RA |
|
Definition
| stiffness in the morning (1hr), loss of mobility, swan neck, boutonniere and ulnar deviation deformities |
|
|
Term
| Describe raynaud's phenomenon |
|
Definition
| reversible ischemia of peripheral arterioles in response to cold or stress with intense vasospasm pallor and cyanosis |
|
|
Term
| Describe the diagnostic criteria for RA |
|
Definition
| 4-7 must be presnt; morning stiffness (over 1 hr for 6 wks), arthritis of 3 or more joints, symmetric arthritis, rhematoid nodules, serum rheumatoid factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slow progressive non-inflammatory disease of synovial especially weight bearing joints; degeneration of articular cartilage |
|
|
Term
| Who is at risk for DJD/OA? |
|
Definition
| athletes and obese (wear and tear on joints) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the clinical manifestations of DJD/OA |
|
Definition
| pain in joint with ambulation, stiffness after rest, crepitus (grating), herberden's nodes and bouchard's nodes; increased symptoms at end of day |
|
|
Term
| Describe herberden's nodes |
|
Definition
| bony overgrowths at distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints |
|
|
Term
| Describe bouchard's nodes |
|
Definition
| bony overgrowth at proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal amounts of urates in the body from overproduction (secondary) or underexcretion of uric acid (primary) |
|
|
Term
| What is the patho of gout linked to? |
|
Definition
| purine metabolism and kidney function; uric acid is breakdown product of first |
|
|
Term
| Where is the most common place for gout to occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes gouty arthritis? |
|
Definition
| crystallizatino of uric acid in synovial fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small white nodules visible through the skin caused by crystal deposition over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asymptomatic hyperuricemia; elevated serum uric acid but no manifestations |
|
|
Term
| ID gout stage: great toe is vulnerable; triggered by trauma drugs or alcohol; severe pain in effected joints noticed at night |
|
Definition
| Acute gouty arthritis; stage 2 |
|
|
Term
| ID gout type: deposit of urate crystals surrounded by granuloma of macrophages that have developed into epithelial cells; cause painless swellings of ear helix, finger hands knees feet |
|
Definition
| tophaceous gout; 3; lesions of chronicity |
|
|
Term
| What grade of fever is associated with gout? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is considered an elecated serum uric acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
