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| In nucleic acids the base is attached to |
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| ribose 5Carbon carbohydrates |
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| 2' position has H (lacking O) |
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| building block of DNA = DEOXY |
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| = nitrogen base is Adenine, ribose base (OH on 2’) and 1 phosphate on there |
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| deoxy guanine (2’ C =only H) and one(mono) phsophate |
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| The bonds that join the nucleotides together are |
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| phosphodiester between 3’ hydroxyl and the 5’ hydroxyl. |
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| 3’ 5’ phosphodiester bond= |
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| 3’ 5’ phosphodiester bond results in- |
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asymetry. The two ends of the polymer are different. One end has a free 5’ (start)and the other end has a free 3’ (end)which gives us direction
The strands are antiparallel |
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| Initial life (before proteins) might have been RNA. So why did DNA arise? |
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| One phosphodiester bond in RNA- the adjacent hydroxyl on 2’ can attack the phosphate and break the back bone making it unstable. How to stablize it? Remove the oxygen= DNA. |
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| RNA is not used to pass info from generation to generation -> |
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| structure function relationship |
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| nitrogen base term comes from |
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| the 4 bases being basic in pH |
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A-T 2 hydrogen bonds
C-G 3 hydrogen bonds = more stable |
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| purines match with pyramines but not with itself bc: |
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| can’t put two purines in not enough room, or 2 pyramines too far apart |
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| DNA antiparallel the bases point |
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| point inward, ribose/phosphate groups point out. |
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| Helix creates 2 grooves on the outside that are different. |
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More tight- minor groove, less room
Less tight- major groove, more room slide 20 shows it good |
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| Control of gene action is via binding of proteins to the DNA which bind at |
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| at major groove. When the protein binds the helix gets bent |
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DNA has:
# of bp per turn=
Diameter=
Helical rise= |
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For each turn there are 10.5 base pairs
Diameter= about 20 angstroms
Helical rise- 3.4 base pairs |
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| Double stranded DNA held togehter by H bonds (easy to break without breaking the covalent bonds/keep sequence the same) allows us to |
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| seperate into single stranded DNA (like a zipper) |
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| wants to reverse back to DS. Can only happen if there is compliment pairing (AT/CG). |
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| How does Heat denature DNA? |
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| Atoms incresingly move with incresing temps-> breaking H bonds |
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| How can DNA reform after being denatured? |
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| To reform them you lower temp and allow them to refine each other. The temp of this occuring depends on C/G content- 3 H bonds between CG. |
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| more thermal energy to break the hydrogen bonds. |
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| If you want to seperate a single spot on DNA you want a part with |
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| AT bc they will break first |
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| Two samples heated and then mixed to let cool. If there is complimentary bases they can mix to form hybrid DS DNA-> one strand from one organism and one from another |
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| INTRA-strand complimentarity = within one strand in a SS 27 forms a stem-loop/ hair pin. Very common in RNA but also occurs in DNA. |
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