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| a distinctive pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives and emotions that are consistent in an individual over time |
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| Cattel’s Theory of Personality |
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Definition
Studied traits using factor analysis
Developed the 16 Personality Factors Questionnaire
Examples: reserved-outgoing, relaxed-tense: trusting-suspicious… |
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Developed the “Big Five” personality traits; believe most personality traits fall under these categories.
Pneumonic: O.C.E.A.N. |
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| What are the big 5 personality traits |
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Definition
openness
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism |
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Definition
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Focus on the influences of early childhood
Emphasis on unconscious motives/conflicts
Primary focus on sexual and aggressive urges |
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Freud’s Basic Structures of Personality
What are the 3? |
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Definition
Id: impulses/dominated by pleasure/avoid pain
Ego: “voice of reason”, mediator of id/superego, helps find compromises
Superego: moral component of personality; rigid standards |
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Definition
Birth to 1 year
Sucking, swallowing, biting
Effects: lasting concerns with dependence and independence; pleasure from eating, drinking, and other oral activities |
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1 to 3
Expelling feces, retaining feces
Effects: orderliness, stinginess, stubbornness |
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3 to 5/6
Touching penis or clitoris, Oedipus complex
Effects: difficulty feeling closeness, Males fear of castration, Females penis envy |
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5/6 to puberty
Sexual interests suppressed |
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puberty onward
sexual contact with other people |
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| responses to anxiety which is caused by internal conflicts; attempts to reduce distress of anxiety/guilt |
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Definition
| paycheck goes through the wash and the bank doesn't take it so when he goes home he kicks his dog |
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Definition
| you have two exams next week and you've studied a lot so you decided to go to the party on the weekend |
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Definition
| when you say that someone is lying |
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| material which one has repressed or forgotten from personal experiences |
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| traces of inherited memories from one's ancestral past; archetypes or images and thoughts with universal meaning |
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| those preoccupied with the internal world of their own thoughts, feelings and experiences. More reclusive |
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| those interested in the external world other people and things. More outgoing and friendly |
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Adler
Stresses the motivation for superiority
universal atempt to improve oneself and master life's challenges |
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Definition
| Everyone must overcome feelings of weakness in comparison to competent adults/siblings |
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| efforts to develop one’s own abilities in response to inferiorities |
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| attempts to “conceal” one’s own feelings of inferiority |
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Bandura
Reinforcement history and cognition influence hehavior
we see what we expect to see
we place ourselves in place which will confirm our beliefs |
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Definition
belief one can set out to accomplish tasks/goals. Acquired from 4 sources:
Mastery of new skills, overcome obstacles
Successful and competent role models
Positive feedback and encouragement
Awareness of feelings/manage response |
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| Internal locus of control |
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Definition
| people believe they are responsible for what happens to them |
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| External locus of control |
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Definition
| people believe their lives are controlled by luck, fate or other people |
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| Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs |
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Definition
| a goal of humans is to be self-actualization; a basic hierarchy of needs exist. Innate drive towards personal growth |
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Definition
Lower level esteem needs: is having someone else saying good job to you
Higher level esteem needs: is you telling yourself good job |
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| when sense of self and the person are consistent it allows positive functioning |
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| sense of self/person in conflict |
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| Unconditional Positive regard |
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Definition
| attempt to resolve conflict; accept one may have acted badly and still be a good person; accepts on in a positive and accepting manner |
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round, soft body, few muscles
tolerant, calm needs affection |
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muscular, upright firm, mature
adventurous, competitive, less empathic |
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muscular, upright firm, mature
adventurous, competitive, less empathic |
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thin, delicate, few muscles
smart, shy, introverted, self-conscious |
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| personalty is determined by a large extent to one's genes |
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| All personality emerges from 3 higher order traits |
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Definition
Extraversion: being sociable, assertive and lively
Neuroticism: anxious, tense, mood, low self esteem
Psychoticism: egocentric, cold, impulsive |
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Definition
explores out need to use self-esteem as a buffer against anxiety over out mortality. Research has found that when reminded about one's mortality:
subjects give harsher penalties to rule breakers
give greater rewards to those upholding cultural standards
respond more negatively to those critical of their country
show more respect for cultural icons |
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