Term
| What kind of energy does a cell use? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| activation energy without changing Delta G |
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Term
| How do enzymes speed up a reaction? |
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Definition
| lowers activation energy, cause by heating of particles by using less energy and less random proces |
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Term
| What are the three models that a reaction can go through ( no enzymes vs with enzymes) |
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Definition
No enzyme
Enzyme complementary to substrate=Lock-and-Key
Enzyme complementary to transition stage=Induced Fit |
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Term
| What factors affect enzyme activity and what do they affect? |
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Definition
◦ Affecting structure
Temperature
pH
◦ Cofactors
Assist enzymes in reactions
called ‘coenzymes’ if organic
50% of enzymes require
cofactors
Metal ions
Vitamins
Nucleotide derivatives |
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Term
| What are 3 things coenzymes can do? |
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Definition
Change shape of enzyme
Bridge enzyme to substrate
Directly participate in reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| an electron carrier coenzyme |
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Term
| Why are so many coenzymes ribonucleotides? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is RNA- first hypothesis? |
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Definition
| RNA is capable of fulfilling al of the function of DNA and protein. maybe originally we just had RNA, but at some point a cell figured out how to string amino acids then ribosomes came and took over having proteins control, replacing RNA. |
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Term
| How are enzymes regulated? |
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Definition
Inhibition
-competitive
-noncompetitive |
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Term
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Definition
| regulating inhibition by controlling amounts of enzymes |
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Term
| What is competitive inhibition? |
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Definition
Inhibitor binds active site, blocking substrate binding
Can be overcome by increasing concentration
(competition substrates by creating more of it, likelihood of binding to site is high if more are present) |
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Term
| What is noncompetitive inhibition? |
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Definition
Inhibitor to the enzyme away from active site, changing the shape of the enzyme so the active site can no longer bind substrate
Cannot by overcome by increasing... |
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Term
| What is allosteric regulation? |
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Definition
| changing the shape of an enzyme preventing the substrate from fitting |
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Term
| What is feedback inhibition? |
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Definition
| Product shuts dow reaction that produces it |
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Term
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Definition
| REDuction/ OXidization reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between the reducing agent and the oxidating agent? |
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Definition
◦ Oxidating agent accepts electrons, in reduced
◦ Reducing agent donates electrons, is oxidized |
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Term
Describe NAD+
Coenzyme, what kind of agent it is, what it is reduced to, what are other electron carriers |
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Definition
coenzyme
-dinucleotide
-from niacin
oxidizing agent-electron acceptor
reduced to NADH
-store and transfers energy
NaDP, FAD other electron carriers |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy harvest and recycling |
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Term
| What are the two processes in which cells harvest and recycle and are they catabolic or anabolic? |
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Definition
Cellular respiration
-catabolic
Photosynthesis
-anabolic |
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Term
| What are two things called that use energy as a source? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that use energy from light |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that get their energy from chemicals |
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Term
| What are two things called that use carbons as a source? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
organisms that dont need organic carbon sources
can fix their own carbon |
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Term
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Definition
Need an organic carbon source
cannot fix carbon |
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Term
| What is a photoautotroph? |
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Definition
| Organisms that use light as an energy source, don't need organic carbon sources because they can fix their own carbon |
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Term
| What is a Photoheterotroph? |
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Definition
| Organisms that use light as an energy source, need an organic carbon source and cannot fix their own carbon |
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Term
| What is a chemoautotroph? |
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Definition
| fixes carbon directly from CO2 using inorganic chemicals for energy |
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Term
| What is a chemoheterotroph? |
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Definition
| uses chemical energy and organic carbon |
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Term
| What are the three types that organisms can be to use oxygen? |
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Definition
Obligate aerobes
Obligate anaerobes
Facultative anaerobes |
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Term
| What is an obligate aerobe? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What is an obligate anaerobes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a facultative anaerobe? |
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Definition
| Can use oxygen (or not) |
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Term
| Describe cell organization |
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Definition
These energetic reactions are carried out by complexes localized to membranes
membrane dna be infolded to increase surface area |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of plastid (plant-specific class of pigmented organelles) |
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Term
| Describe the structure of a chloroplast |
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Definition
Double membrane
Thylakoids
granum
stroma |
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Term
|
Definition
| inner portion of the chloroplast |
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Term
|
Definition
| small disk-like compartments composed of membrane that are the sites of sunlight-dependent photosynthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| a stack of thylakoids in chloroplasts |
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Term
| What happens at chloroplast? |
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Definition
Site of photosynthesis
initial site of glucose production |
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Term
| Describe the DNA and RNA in chloroplasts and what does this mean? |
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Definition
Have their own DNA separate from that in nucleus
Have their own RNA polymerases and ribosome
Carry out their own transcription and translaton |
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Term
| Describe the mitochondria |
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Definition
◦ Double membrane
◦ Inner membrane is
extensively folded
Surface area for enzymes |
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Term
| What are the multiple domains of the mitochondria? |
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Definition
Intermembrane space –
space between two
membranes
Mitochondrial matrix –
inside inner membrane |
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Term
| Why is mitochondria an important center of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
ATP production
Number correlates with cell
activity |
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Term
| Describe the DNA and RNA in mitochondria and what that means |
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Definition
◦ Have their own DNA (separate
from that in nucleus)
◦ Have their own RNA polymerase
and ribosomes
Carries out its own transcription
and translation |
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Term
| Where do humans get their mitochondria from? |
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Definition
Humans get their mitochondria
from the egg, so the genes on the
mitochondrial genome are inherited
in a matrilineal fashion (from your
mother’s mother’s mother’s . . . . .)
Mitochondrial Eve |
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Term
| What are mitochondria and chloroplasts surrounded by? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is a mitochondrial eve? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is the mitochondrial matrix? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Where does atp production take place? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is a mitochondrial eve? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What does it mean when an enzyme is complementary to the substrate? |
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Definition
| It is like a lock and key. The substrate fits perfectly in the enzyme |
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Term
| What does it mean when there is an enzyme complementary to transition state? |
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Definition
| That there is an induced fit, meaning the substrate enters the enzyme as one shape and the enzyme bends it to another. |
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Term
| What is allosteric regulation? |
|
Definition
| changing the shape of the enzyme so the active site can no longer bind substrate |
|
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Term
| What is the intermembrane space? |
|
Definition
| space between two membranes in the mitochondria |
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Term
| What is the mitochondrial matrix? |
|
Definition
| inside inner membrane of the mitochondria |
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Term
| Describe the DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts |
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Definition
| They have their own, circular, like bacterial genomes. This is different than nuclear dna in eukaryotes because those are linear |
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Term
| What does circular DNA allow mitochondria and chloroplast to do? |
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Definition
This encodes a ribosome that functions more similar to
those found in Bacteria than to those found in the cell’s
own cytoplasm |
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Term
| How are eukaryotics like archaea and bacteria? |
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Definition
◦ Eukaryotic nuclear genes and pathways relating to
replication more like Archaea, those related to
metabolism, respiration (and photosynthesis) more
similar to Bacteria |
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Term
| What is the endosymbiosis theory? |
|
Definition
Hypothesis:
Mitochondria derive from such a
dependent relationship wherein a
Bacterium became resident within an
Archaea
This allowed the host cell to survive in
an aerobic environment by using the
oxygen for respiration
The mtDNA is the remnant of the
original Bacterial genome
Subsequently, one branch of the
Eukaryote descendants of this cell
repeated the process, taking up a bluegreen
algae (a photosynthetic Bacterium)
that became the chloroplast |
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