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Brain & Behavior- Dr. Wee at Tulane
61
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
06/23/2011

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Cards

Term
Types of Learning & Memory
Definition
1. conditioning
-classic & operant
2. spatial
-working &reference
3. declarative (explicit)
-semantic & episodic
4. procedural
Term
HM
Definition
-bilateral medial temporal lobectomy (hippocampus, amygdala, adjacent cortex)
-no STM
-total anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, global amnesia
-procedural memory intact
-explicit (declarative) memory GONE
Term
global amnesia
Definition
=amnesia for information presented in all sensory modalities
Term
RB
Definition
-Medial temporal lobe amnesia
-caused by cerebral ischemia during surgery
Term
Hippocampus & memory
Definition
-SPATIAL memory
-location of place cells
ex. morris water maze
ex2. radial arm maze
ex3. food caching birds have larger hippocampus
Term
Working Memory
Definition
=memory needed to complete the task on which the subject is currently working
Term
Reference Memory
Definition
=memory of general principles & skills required to perform a task
-RULES
Term
Rhinal Cortex & memory
Definition
OBJECT RECOGNITION memory
ex. delayed non-matching to sample test with monkeys
ex2. MUMBY box
Term
Cerebellum & memory
Definition
-SENSORY MOTOR memories
ex. eye blink reflex
Term
striatum & memory
Definition
-RESPONSE learning
ex. T-maze
Term
amygdala & memory
Definition
=memory for experiences with EMOTIONAL significance
Term
prefrontal cortex & memory
Definition
=EPISODIC MEMORY
-temporal order of events
-deficits in working memory
ex. can't cook
Term
4 types of BR
Definition
1. Circadian Rhythm (24 hrs)
2. Ultradian Rhythm (<24 hrs, 1-12 hrs)
3. Infradian Rhythm (>24 hrs & <1 yr)
4. Circannual Rhythm (about 1 yr)
Term
Zeitgeber
Definition
=time giver
ex. light-dark cycle, sun, etc
Term
Most humans have a natural BR of ___ hrs
Definition
25
Term
BR controlled by?
Definition
-biological clock, SCN (suprachlasmatic nucleus)
-entrained by zeitgeber
Term
Arrhythmia
Definition
=still display activity but NO RHYTHM
Term
To freerun, one needs:
Definition
SCN intact
Term
To entrain, one needs:
Definition
RHT (and previous tracts) & SCN intact
Term
To see, one needs:
Definition
optic nerve & optic tract
Term
stages of sleep
Definition
1. beta (awake, sm amplitude)
2. alpha (awake but resting, larger amp)
3. delta (sleeping, largest amp)
Term
Neural control of sleep
Definition
anterior hypothalamus (promote sleep)
posterior hypothalamus (promote wakefulness)
Term
Neural control of arousal & wakefulness
Definition
reticular formation
reticular activating system (RAS)
Term
Neural control of REM sleep
Definition
caudal reticular formation
Term
3 types of insomnia
Definition
1. termination insomnia
2. onset insomnia
3. maintenance insomnia
Term
cataplexy
Definition
in narcolepsy
=loss of muscle activity or tone while awake & conscious
-most common
Term
sleep paralysis
Definition
in narc
=inability to move when waking up or falling asleep
Term
3 types of hormones
Definition
1. steroid hormones
2. peptide hormones
3. amino acid derivatives
Term
Peptide Hormones
Definition
-strings of aa
-bind to membrane-bound receptors bc they cant make it into cell on their own)
-cAMP (2nd messenger) activates enzymes in cytoplasm that cause alteration
-top endocrine glands
Term
Amino Acid Derivatives
Definition
ex. epinephrine
Term
Steroid Hormones
Definition
-moves into NUCLEUS
-cholesterol based, 4 ring structure
1. androgens (=male like)
-made in gonads
ex. testosterone (t), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (via reductase)
2. estrogens
-made in gonads/ovaries
ex. Estrodiol (E2)
3. Progestins
-made in ovaries, acts on uterus
ex. progesterone (P)
4. Glucocorticoids
-made in adrenal cortex
ex. cortisol (humans) & corticosterone (rats)
Term
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
Definition
-made in HYPOTHALAMUS
-extension of axons from PVN & SON
-PEPTIDES
1. oxytocin
2. vassopressin aka ADH
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
Post. Pit. Hormone
made in hypothalamus
associated with love/trust/breastfeeding
Term
Vassopressin
Definition
Post. Pit. Hormone
peptide
AKA ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
-increase bl pressure, absorbs fluid
-alcohol inhibits ADH
Term
2nd messengers are found?
Definition
in the cytoplasm of the neuron
Term
The master gland?
Definition
HYPOTHALAMUS (not pituitary which is controlled by the hypothalamus)
Term
Anterior Pituitary
Definition
-hormones made in the anterior pituitary
-RH travels down blood portal, binds to receptor, releases corresponding hormone
Term
trophic
Definition
=growth
Term
gonadotrophic
Definition
=targets gonads
ex. LH (leteinizing hormone) & FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
-same RH works on both (GnRH/LHRH)
-negative feedback: E2 & P
Term
Once a month, ___ is released to mature and egg to be released by ___.
Definition
FSH & LH
Term
FSH & LH in males
Definition
FSH= sperm
LH= Testosterone
Term
ACTH
Definition
(adrenocortiotrophi hormone)
-made in anterior pituitary
-peptide
-released by: CRH (corticotrophin) or ACTH-RH
-target: adrenal cortex to release cortisol
-neg. feedback: cortisol goes to hypothalamus & inhibits CRH production
Term
Adrenal Medulla
Definition
in adrenal cortex produces EPINEPHRINE
Term
prolactin
Definition
Peptide
ant pit hormone
hypothalamus release Prolactin RH
target: breast tissue, produces milk (oxytocin pushed milk out)
inhibited by: dopamine
Term
Thyroid Hormones
Definition
-metabolism
-TRH in Hypothalamus
-TSH in Pituitary (thyrotropin)
-target: thyroid gland to release T3 & T4
Term
GH (growth hormone)
Definition
GHRH in Hypothalamus
GH in ant. pit.
target: Lots
neg. feedback: GHR-IH aka somatostatin
Term
Acromegaly
Definition
=normal size, but growing in random places
Term
Wolffian system
Definition
=male system
Term
Mullerian system
Definition
=female
Term
Y + SRY + TDF=
Definition
testes
Term
T--> DHT via?
Definition
Reductase
Term
T--> E2 via?
Definition
Aromatase
Term
Adrogen sensitivity
Definition
=testicular feminization
-lacking ANDROGEN RECEPTORS
-Testes but NO int or ext male structures
-At puberty, NO PERIODS
Term
Congenital Andrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
Definition
=problems with ADRENAL GLANDS
too much T, not enough cortisol
-int female structures
-extra T--> small penis on clitoris
-tomboys
Term
5-alpha reductase
Definition
NO REDUCTASE, so no DHT
-int male structures
-NO ext male structures
- at puberty, extra T--> ext male structures develop
Term
Turner's Syndrome
Definition
XO
-only 1 sex chromosome
-45 chromosomes
-webbing on neck
-short
-no breasts
Term
Klinfelter's Syndrome
Definition
XXY
-tall, long limbs
-not much pubic hair
-lower IQ
-mostly male
Term
Medial Preoptic Area
Definition
Males: larger
Females: smaller

but similar at prenatal, females decrease from lack of T
Term
Lordosis
Definition
VMH-->PAG--> SC--> muscles
-abolished by: VMHX, PAGX
-increased by: VMH stimulation or injections of E2 & P to VMH
Term
sexual motivation in males
Definition
Amygdala
Term
sexual behavior in males (mounting)
Definition
MPOA (medial preoptic area)
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