Term
| what receptor does ANG-II bind to? |
|
Definition
| AT-1 (angiotensin-1 receptor) |
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Term
MOA of Isoniazid?
How is it activated? |
|
Definition
- inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
- mycobacterium catalase-peroxidase (loss of expression is a mechanism of resistance) |
|
|
Term
| MOA of ethambutol & resistance? |
|
Definition
- inhibits synthesis of mycobacterial cell wall
- increase production of arabinosyl transferase |
|
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Term
| 2 mycobacterial drugs that are in pro form |
|
Definition
- isoniazid (needs to be activated by mycobacterial catalase-peroxidase)
- Pyrazinamide (needs to be activated by pyrazinamidase) |
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Term
Define:
-Sublimation
-Displacement
-Projection
-Reaction formation
-Splitting |
|
Definition
- redirect unacceptible thoughts/emotions/drives to an acceptible target, e.g. diary (a more mature defense form of displacement)
- angry so punch holes in wall (immature form of sublimation)
- unacceptable things are attributed to others, e.g. gay person acuses others of being gay (immature)
- Unacceptable feeling ignored & opposite sentiment is adopted (immature)
- all good or all bad, BPD (immature) |
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Term
| 6 contraindications for OCPs |
|
Definition
1) PMH of thromboembolism
2) PMH of estrogen-dependent tumor
3) smoker >35
4) hypertriglyceridemia
5) Decompensated acute liver disease (impair steroid metabolism)
6) Pregnancy |
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Term
|
Definition
- cross over common/external iliac
- under gonadal vessels (& uterine artery, contained w/in cardinal ligmanet, juste before entering the bladder in female)
- lateral to internal iliacs & medial to gonadal vessels as they enter the pelvis |
|
|
Term
resting intrapleural pressure?
during inspiration? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| MOA of warfarin-induced skin necrosis |
|
Definition
at start of warfarin therapy, protein C inhibition declines faster than the rest of the stuff inhibited (II, VII, IX, X, S) --> about 50% in one day. This leads to a paradoxical hypercoagulable state & thrombosis. This causes skin necrosis.
This is more of a risk in pts w/ a prior deficiency in protein C or S |
|
|
Term
most common site of aortic:
- injury after car wreck?
- aneurism from HTN, syphillus, vasculitis |
|
Definition
- Isthmus (right after left brachiocephalic branches)
- Near branch of right brachiocephalic
- |
|
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Term
| unprovoked syncopal episode in a young person w/ a prolonged QT interval |
|
Definition
K+ channel mutation
(Romano-Ward & Jervell/Lange-Nielsen syndrome) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loss of CD40L (on T-cells)
(remember that CD28 is on T-cells & provides co-stimulatory signal (along w/ TCR/CD3 complex)) |
|
|
Term
| nonselective alpha blockers |
|
Definition
phentolamine (reversible)
phenoxybenzamine (irreversible) |
|
|
Term
Cause of lacunar infarcts?
How do they appear on imaging? |
|
Definition
total occlusion of lenticulostriate arteries due to hypertensive changes (arteriolar sclerosis)
initially they are non-hemorrhagic (radiologically benign), but after a few weeks, liquifactive necrosis creates cystic "lakes" |
|
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Term
| where are charcot-bouchard aneurysms? |
|
Definition
microaneurisms (<1mm) in small penetrating arterioles of basal ganglion
They are prone to rupture, and cause a hemorrhagic infarct |
|
|
Term
In females:
LH stimulates ____ to produce _____
FSH stimulates ____ to produce _____ converting _____ to _____ |
|
Definition
LH stimulates theca to produce progesterone & androgens
FSH stimulates granulosa to produce aromatase, which converts androgens to estrogens |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of chronic bronchitis |
|
Definition
thickened bronchial walls
neutrophil infiltration
mucous gland enlargement
patchy squamous metaplasia of bronchial mucosa |
|
|
Term
| mitral valve prolapse can predispose to bacterial endocarditis |
|
Definition
| true, in fact, mitral valve prolapse is the most common cause of mitral valve insufficiency in US (surpassing rheumatic fever), and thus, the most common cardiac abnormality predisposing to native valve bacterial endocarditis |
|
|
Term
| describe changes to valve in mitral valve prolapse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Starry sky, t(8;14) [c-myc put in apposition to heavy chain], EBV infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| t(9;22) seen in CML (& some ALL) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| t(14;18): follicular lymphoma (generalized lymphadenopathy in elderly) |
|
|
Term
| megaloblastic anemia w/ orotic aciduria |
|
Definition
Orotate PRPP transferase deficiency (attaches orotic acid to PRPP)
supplement w/ uridine
ASIDE: folate is responsible for converting dUMP --> dTMP, carried out by the enzyme thymidylate synthase; this is inhibited by the chemo drug 5FU |
|
|
Term
When do you see schistocytes (helmet cells)
when you see these, what are the levels of haptoglobin, LDH, & billirubin? |
|
Definition
Intravascular hemolysis: DIC, HUS, TTP, RBC destruction by prosthetic valves (first 3 are microangiopathic hemolytic anemias)
- Haptoglobin: LOW; binds free hemoglobin & promotes RES uptake (thus it is decreased when there is increased intravascular hemoglobin in IV hemolysis)
- LDH & billirubin are high |
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