Term
| what amniotic fluid ratio is used to measure lung maturity? |
|
Definition
Lecithin:sphingomyelin (2:1 = mature lung)
lecithin = phosphatidylcholine |
|
|
Term
| 2 surfactants important in lung maturation? when does each one start to rise? |
|
Definition
lecithin (phosphatidyldcholine) & phosphatidylglycerol
- lecithin begins to rise in week 30
- PTG begins to rise @ 36 weeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AML M3 (APL: acute promyelocytic leukemia); PML/RAR-alpha |
|
|
Term
Name location of each:
-TATA box promotor
-CAAT box promotor
- Enhancer sequences |
|
Definition
- ~25-30 bases upstream
- ~70-80 bases upstream
- anywhere: upstream, downstream, or within sequence |
|
|
Term
Aflatoxin:
- what produces it?
- how is it ingested?
- what does it do?
- what cancer does it predispose to? |
|
Definition
- Aspergillus spp (A.flavus & A.parasiticus)
- Produced on moldy grain (high humidity/temperature)
- causes p53 G:C-->T:A transversion
- hepatocellular carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| what happens in PCP withdrawl |
|
Definition
| reintoxication-like symptoms |
|
|
Term
| withdrawl w/ mydriasis, piloerection, diaphoresis, diarrhea |
|
Definition
opiates
also: N/V, abdominal pain, fever
described as "Flue-like" |
|
|
Term
| TNF-alpha, glucocorticoids, & glucagon all cause insulin resistance by this common mechanism |
|
Definition
| activation of serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor --> prevents TK activity |
|
|
Term
| Provides sensation to posterior ear canal |
|
Definition
Vagus nerve
the rest of the canal is supplied by V3 |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of koilocytes |
|
Definition
- pyknotic nuclei w/ irregular membrane
- perinuclear clearing
- dense, irregularly staining cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
B1 deficiency:
- Infants
- Adults |
|
Definition
- Infantile beriberi (fulminant cardiac syndrome): cardiomegaly, tachycardia, cyanosis, dyspnea, vomiting
- Adults: wet & dry beriberi & Wernicke-Korsakoff
- Dry beriberi: sensory & motor impairments of distal extremities
- Wet beriberi: same as Dry plus high-output cardiac failure
- Wernicke-Korsakoff: seen in alcoholics; combination encephalopathy & psychosis (confabulation) |
|
|
Term
| Pt w/ glossitis, cheilosis, convulsions, peripheral neuropathies, sideroblastic anemia |
|
Definition
B6 (pyridoxine)
convulsions may be explained by requirement of B6 in GABA synthesis |
|
|
Term
Marker for osteoblastic activity?
Marker for osteoclastic activity? |
|
Definition
- Alk Phos (can dx from liver alkphos b.c. bond alkphos denatures w/ heat)
- deoxypyridinoline (pyridinoline x-links collagen --> increased levels = osteoclastic activity)
TRAP (hairy cell leukemia) may also be a marker for osteoclasts, but it's not as good |
|
|
Term
| Class I antiarrhythmics all do this |
|
Definition
| mediate inward Na+ influx (decrease slope of phase 0) |
|
|
Term
Alveolar gas equation?
normal A-a gradient? |
|
Definition
PAO2 = 150 - (PaCO2/0.8) {150 = [FiO2*(Patm-PH2O)]}; PH2O = 47; Patm = 760 (at sea level)
- normal A-a = 10-15 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neural crest cells (e.g. melanocytes, schwann cells, Langerhans cells) |
|
|
Term
| 3 important dopaminergic systems: |
|
Definition
1) Mesolimbic-mesocortical:
- regulates behavior
- messed up in schizophrenia (too much dopamine)
2) Nigrostriatal:
- coordination of voluntary movements
- too little dopamine in parkinsons
3) Tuberoinfundibular
- negative regulator of prolactin
- Hyperprolactinemia w/ it's destruction |
|
|
Term
| most common source of E.coli bacteremia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| elderly patient presenting with anemia is probably this (rule out cancer/vaginal bleeding) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carotid sinus baroreceptors transmitted by? aortic arch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type of vaccine for:
- N.meningitidis
- H.flu
- V.cholerae
- Y.pestis
- B.burgdorferi (Lyme)
- C.diphtheriae & C.tetani
- BCG vaccine
- S.typhi
- F.tularensis |
|
Definition
- N.m: polysaccharide (4 major serotypes)
- H.flu: polyrobsyl-ribitol-phosphate (PRP)
- V.c & Y.p: Heat killed
- B.b: recombinant outer surface
- C.d & C.t: toxoid
- BCG, S.t, F.t = live, attenuated |
|
|
Term
| DOC for gestational diabetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
DOC for acute management of venous thrombosis?
DOC for chronic management? what clotting factors does this drug inhibit? |
|
Definition
- Heparin (activates antithrombin III)
- Warfarin/coumadin: II,VII, IX, X |
|
|
Term
MOA of:
- Cilostazole & Dipyridamole
- Argatroban
- tPA
- ticlopidine & clopidogrel
- abciximab |
|
Definition
- platelet phosphodiesterase inhibitor --> decreases platelet aggregation & vasodilates (PDE activity in vessel vasculature); Tx for PAD
- Antithrombin III inhibitor (tx for heparin overdose)
- Converts plaminogen --> plasmin
- Blocks platelet ADP receptor --> no GpIIb/IIIa activation
- blocks platelet GpIIb/IIIa |
|
|
Term
| skeletal myopathy, spinocerebellar ataxia, pigmented retinopathy, hemolytic anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acalculous cholecystitis is seen in who? |
|
Definition
hospitalized, severely ill patients
Prompt antibiotics & probably surgery are needed to prevent rupture and possible death. This is a serious condition!!!!! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rim of calcification seen on radiograph caused by cholecystitis: associated with gallblader carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| congenital abnormalities of the biliary tree that predispose to acute cholecystitis |
|
|
Term
PT & PTT w/:
- HUS
- DIC
- TTP |
|
Definition
- normal
- increased
- normal |
|
|
Term
Hot shower with:
-MS
-Polycythemia |
|
Definition
- worstening of neurological defects
- itching (from histamine release) |
|
|
Term
-optic neuritis: central scotoma & painful eye movements
- Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
- Cerebellar dysfunction
- Sensory & motor sx (including bowel & bladder) |
|
Definition
classic symptoms of MS
also Lhermitte's sign (electric shocks) |
|
|
Term
| NSAIDs cause this type of renal damage |
|
Definition
chronic interstitial nephritis:
1) concentrate in renal medulla (b.c. the naturally high concentrations there) --> higher levels in papillae
2) decreased PG synthesis --> constriction of medullary vasa recta --> ischemia in papillae
3) direct uncoupling of mitchondria
#1&2 --> papillary necrosis;
all 3 = chronic interstitial nephritis: patchy interstitial inflammation & fibrosis, necrosis & scarring of papillae |
|
|
Term
| amino acids that are exclusively ketogenic? |
|
Definition
leucine lysine (can use to feed a person w/ pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency)
NSAIDs can also cause ATN, nephrotic syndrome
Phenylalanin & isoleucine are both ketogenic and glucogenic |
|
|
Term
| What receptor increases on hepatocytes when you're on a statin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits dietary cholesterol absorption from gut |
|
|
Term
| These 2 drugs used in primary hypertriglyceridemia |
|
Definition
fibrates & niacin (decrease VLDL)
Fibrates = increase LPL = remove chylomicrons & VLDL quicker (remember this is defective in typeIa)
Nyasin = inhibit VLDL release & inhibit lipolysis in adipose |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of postpartum mood disturbances |
|
Definition
- postpartum blues: common (>50%); resolve in 2-10 days; may progress to postpartum depression
- postpartum depression: lasts 2 weeks to 2 months; tx w/ antidepressants
-postpartum psychosis: rare; may need antipsychotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits thymidylate synthetase |
|
|
Term
GDS grown on bile & 6.5% NaCl
GDS grown on bile but NOT 6.5% NaCl |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do uric acid crystals preciptate? |
|
Definition
| collecting duct (lower pH will make UA neutral) --> treat w/ urine alkalinization agents (e.g. acetazolamide, bicarb) |
|
|
Term
| myosin dephosphorylation will do what to smooth muscle |
|
Definition
relax
- PKG activates MLC-phosphorylase, which dephosphorylates myosin & relaxes the muscle
- PKA phosphorylates MLCK & inactivates it causing relaxation |
|
|
Term
| what does Neurophysin do? |
|
Definition
| transports ADH & Oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| TRH stimulates release of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| colonic tumor associated with diarrhea, flushing, wheazing, vascular telangiectasia, & increased urine 5HIAA |
|
Definition
Carcinoid
aside: villous adenomas can cause a type of mucoid, secretory diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| 2 conditions w/ colonic hamartomatous polyps |
|
Definition
juvenile polyps
peutz jeghers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| valine, alanine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nonspecifically binds TCR & MHCII --> widespread T-cell activation --> release of IL-2 (T-cells) & IL-1 & TNF (Macrophages)
examples of superantigens: exfoliant toxin, enterotoxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST1) |
|
|
Term
| Bugs that have a very low infective dose (ingestion) |
|
Definition
- Shigella (~10)
- C.jejuni & C.perfringens (~500)
- E.histolytica (~1!)
- G.lamblia (~1!)
In contrast, Vibrio, E.coli, & Salmonella need between 10^6 to 10^8 |
|
|
Term
Chromosomes with these genes:
- VHL
- WT1
- RB |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| superior laryngeal nerve of X innervates |
|
Definition
cricothyroid M
Sensory innervation above vocal cords
(recurrent laryngeal innervate all other laryngeal muscles & sensation below) |
|
|
Term
Genetic cause of:
-HOCM
-dilated cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
- Beta myosin heavy chain (cardiac sarcomere protein)
- Dystrophin (cardiac myocyte cytoskeleton protein)
both are autosomal dominant |
|
|
Term
| diuretics for Tx of nephrolithiasis w/ hypercalciuria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anti-Rh Ig given to mom when? and what type of antibody is it? |
|
Definition
28 weeks & immediately postpartum
IgG; it doesn't cause fetal hemolysis b.c. the concentrations given are sub-pathological for the fetus |
|
|
Term
MOA of:
- flucytosine
- caspofugin
- terbinafine |
|
Definition
- inhibits DNA/RNA synthesis; used w/ Ampho B for tx of cryptococcal meningitis
- block 1,3 beta-D-glucan synthesis; used for candida & aspergillus
- inhibits squalene-2,3-epoxidase; treatment for dermatophytosis, esp onychomycosis (b.c. it accumulates in skin/nails) |
|
|
Term
what compound will prevent formation of all kidney stones?
what kidney stone needs high pH to form? |
|
Definition
citrate (also high flow rate)
struvite stone (calcium phosphate) |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates CCK release? Where is it released from? |
|
Definition
protein & fats
Duodenum & jejunum |
|
|
Term
| 5HT1a receptor agonist used for general anxiety disorder that doesn't cause sedation |
|
Definition
| Busipirone (no addiction/tolerance potential) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lysosomal alpha-(1,4)-glucosidase (acid maltase)
pts have cardiomegaly, hypotonia, occasional hypoglycemia & early death |
|
|
Term
| First step in beta-oxidation is catalized by? |
|
Definition
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
deficiency presents as hypoglycemia after prolonged fasting w/ decreased numbers of ketone bodies |
|
|
Term
| Name mutations that cause transition (in colon cancer) from normal epithelium -(1)-> early adenoma -(2)-> late adenoma -(3)-> adenocarcinoma |
|
Definition
(1) APC
(2) k-RAS
(3) p53& DCC |
|
|
Term
HNPCC (lynch syndrome) is cause by a genetic defect in a number of genes responsible for what?
In contrast, what does APC do? |
|
Definition
- DNA mismatch repair (e.g. MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2)
- APC is involved in cell attachment --> it is part of the complex that inactivated beta catenin, which signals through Wnt pathway
HNPCC is a AD disease; manifests in RIGHT-SIDED colon cancers; increased risk of many cancers (endometrial, ovarian, stomach etc) |
|
|
Term
| most important part of pathogenesis of shigella |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal changes in an aging heart: |
|
Definition
- decreased left ventricular volume
- sigmoid-shaped IV septum
- myocyte atrophy w/ interstitial fibrosis
- lipofuscin accumulation |
|
|
