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3/18/12
World
41
Religious Studies
5th Grade
03/19/2012

Additional Religious Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Osteocytes communicate w/ eachother via?
Definition
gap junctions
Term
Arteries in compact bone are contained w/in what?
Definition
haversian canals
Term
difference between exposure & prevalence odds ratios
Definition
- Exposure odds ratio:
(Odds of exposure in people w/ disease)/(Odds of exposure of people w/out disease)

- Prevalence odds ratio:
(Odds ratio in population A)/(Odds ratio in population B)
Term
PAS positive granules in hepatocytes
Definition
alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (risk of panacinar emphysema)
Term
Deficiencies seen in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Definition
- Lysyl-hydroxylase deficiency (postranslational modification in ER, needs VitaminC)

- Pro-collagen peptidase deficiency (cleaves terminal disulfide-rich extensions to make collagen insoluble & promote crosslinking)
Term
Lung compliance in left heart failure
Definition
decreased b.c. of pulmonary edema

(aside: dyspnea, bibasilar crackles, & appearance of S3 heart sound post MI are stigmata for LV failure)
Term
bilirubin uptake or excretion is ATP-dependent in liver?
Definition
- excretion (ATP-binding cassette protein "MRP2", gene responsible for dubin-johnson syndrome -> presents as Black liver & asymptomatic conjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

- Uptake is a passive process carried out by organic anion transporting peptide (OATP)
Term
Absent in Crigler Najjar & Low in Gilbert syndrome
Definition
UDP-glucuronyl transferase (in hepatocytes, conjugates billirubin) --> also is low in most newborns (responsible for physiologic jaundice of newborn & gray-baby syndrome of chloramphenicol use)
Term
Defective in Rotor syndrome & Dubin-Johnson syndrome
Definition
Bilirubin excretion into bile (ATP-dependent cassette protein: MRP2)

(Dubin-Johnson: see pigment granules in otherwise normal hepatocytes)
Term
If a patient is drunk, can he make decisions about his care?
Definition
NO! (person is incapacitated, thus unable to make rational decisions) --> decisions must be made by caretaker, or, if unaccompanied, consent to treatment is presumed
Term
where are immature T-cells?
Definition
Cortex of thymus (CD4 & CD8 positive)
Term
Urea cycle enzymes in mitochondria? (3)
Definition
- Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS)
- Ornithine transcarbamoylase
- N-acetylglutamate synthase (produces N-acetylglutamate, the positive regulator for CPS)
Term
Which cells cause centriacinar emphysema?
Definition
neutrophils & alveolar Mø --> release elastase
Term
Which artery provides blood to femoral head/neck
Definition
medial femoral circumflex
Term
C.perfringens gastroenteritis pathogenesis
Definition
Large number of spores ingested --> germinate in digestive tract --> elaborate toxin --> transiently watery diarrhea

** This is a LATE-ONSET diarrhea, in comparison to preformed toxin ones: S.aureus or B.cereus**
Term
- Pulsus paradoxus definition
- When do you see it?
Definition
- Decrease of systolic BP by >10 mmHg during inspiration
- Seen in diseases that impair expansion of pericardial space --> increased venous return pushes IV septum & decreases LV preload (normally, the right heart would just expand into pericardial sac)
(examples: acute cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, severe obstructive lung disease, & restrictive cardiomyopathy)
Term
Kusmall's sign:
- What is it?
- When do you see it?
Definition
- Jugular distention on inspiration
- See it with constrictive pericarditis & right heart failure
- DO NOT see it with cardiac tamponade (inspiration will un-collapse the RV & allow the heart to accomodate extra blood)
Term
T/F you see pulsus paradoxis in obstructive lung disease
Definition
True: pulsus paradoxis can be seen in obstructive lung diseases, pericarditis, tamponade, & restrictive cardiomyopathy
Term
insidious dyspnea & honeycomb lung
Definition
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Term
Serum marker for mast cell degranulation
Definition
Tryptase
Term
5-HIAA
Definition
marker for serotonin breakdown --> screen for carcinoid tumors
Term
Bugs w/ HUS
Definition
- EHEC (O157:H7) --> undercooked beef; verotoxin
- Shigella --> fecal oral; shigatoxin

(ASIDE: "atypical HUS" can be caused by defects in things that normally prevent coagulation:
- defects in factor H
- CD46 deficiency
- factor 1
Term
Drugs that prolong PT & PTT but not TT
Definition
Factor Xa inhibitors: Idraparinux, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban
Term
OCD definition
Definition
intrusive thoughts that manifest in repetitive behaviors
Term
central hypogonadism & anosmia
Definition
Kallmann's syndrome: failure of GnRH secreting cells to migrate from olfactory placode
Term
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis possible chronic complications
Definition
transient recurrent pulmonary infiltrates & proximal bronchiectasis
Term
Cancer & infection associated with pure red cell aplasia (PRCA)
Definition
thymoma & parvovirus B19
Term
Why is thiopental so short acting?
Definition
Rapid plasma decay of thiopental (a barbiturate) is because of it's redistribution into skeletal muscle & brain
- this takes ~5-10 minutes & will precipitate
Term
Phenoxybenzamine MOA
Definition
noncompetetive, irreversible non-selective alpha-blocker

Phentolamine is a competetive (reversible) alpha blocker
Term
Labetalol MOA & use
Definition
competative Alpha-1, Beta-1, & Beta-2 antagonist (similar to carvedilol)

use to treat severe HTN & sympathomimetic overdose (e.g. cocaine)
Term
what do penicillins bind to? (the other name for penicillin-binding-protein)
Definition
Transpeptidases
Term
Clopidogrel MOA
Definition
blocks surface ADP receptors --> prevents platelet activation
Term
Differentiate Edwards from Patau
Definition
Edwards (trisomy 18):
- Clenched hands w/ overiding fingers
- Meckel's diverticulum & gut malrotation
- Micrognathia

Patau (trisomy 13):
- Cleft lip/palate
- Microcephaly
- Polydactyly
- Abdominal wall defects: omphalocele, umbilical hernia, pyloric stnosis


(all other sx (heart problems, rocker-bottom feet, etc) are non-specific)
Term
Name the pathogen in each type of osteomyelitis:
- Seeding of ischemic/infarcted bone in sickle-cell pt
- Hematogenous seeding (most common causes)
- Pott's disease
- Contiguous spread from chronic foci of infection
Definition
- Salmonella
- S.aureus & S.pyogenese
- TB
- Pseudomonas
Term
What part of the bone does osteomyelitis most commonly affect?
Definition
Metaphysis of long bones
Term
Selective proteinuria
Definition
Proteinuria seen in minimal change disease (& other nephrotic syndromes) --> mostly LMW proteins such as albumin/transferrin are excreted (vs Ig)
Term
this proteinuria is seen in proximal tubular dysfunction (e.g. tubulointerstitial nephritis)
Definition
tubular proteinuria: LMW proteins that are normally filtered by the glomerulus & then totally reabsrobed in the proximal tubule
- b2-microglobulin
- Ig light chains
- Amino acids
- Retinol-binding protein
Term
Bence Jones protein
Definition
- Multiple myeloma
- causes "overload proteinuria"
- Bence-Jones protein is the same thing as AL amyloid (i.e. Ig light chains, usually kappa)
Term
nephrotic syndrome definition
Definition
>3.5 g/day
Term
things you see schistocytes with?
Definition
- microangiopathic hemolytic anemia: HUS, TTP, DIC
- mechanical damage (e.g. prosthetic valve)
Term
Renal cell carcinoma histology?
Definition
polygonal cells w/ abundant clear cytoplasm (most common subtype is "clear cell carcinoma")
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