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| group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. |
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| differences seen in organisms |
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| inheritable characteristic |
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| traits that can be passed on to any offspring of the organism |
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| theory that says organisms best suited to their environment as a result of favorable characteristics survive and reproduce |
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| proposed the theory of natural selection in the 19th century. His conclusions were based on observations on a group of islands known as the Galapagos Islands |
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| How long did Darwin spend looking at all of the information he had collected on his voyage to the Galapagos Islands? |
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| On the Origin of Species (1859) |
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| book written by Darwin in 1859 |
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| What did Darwin's theory of natural selection include? |
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Definition
1. Most organisms produce more offspring that are able to survive
2. There is competition for resources, such as food and space.
3. Some of the offspring will have variations that make them better able to survive. Those that are unsuccessful at competition die out. Those with the favorable variations reproduce and pass the favorable variations to their offspring.
4. Over time, favorable variations are found in more and more offspring. |
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| a trait that improves an organism's chance for survival and reproduction |
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| process of change over time |
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| change that occurs in DNA sequence |
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| What is the hereditary material found in all living things? |
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through errors that result from DNA replication
or
environmental factors such as radiation |
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| Only mutations that occur in ______________ can be passed on to offspring. |
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Definition
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Definition
| genes from one population are introduced into the gene pool |
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| is the combined genetic information of all members of a populatin |
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Definition
some individuals may have more offspring than other individuals in the same populations.
some individuals will reproduce less in the next generation |
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| Two ways that evolution can occur? |
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Definition
gradualism
punctuated equilibrium |
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Definition
is evolution occuring over a long period of time
Change is slow and constant
ex: how giraffes formed |
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Definition
evolution occurs in spurts
change occurs very rapidly, and then no change occurs for a period of time
ex: how elephants formed |
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| means the end of a species |
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| How long ago was Earth formed? |
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Definition
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| What were the primitive gases in early earth? |
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Definition
| methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, hydrogen,water, and ammonia |
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| What did Stanley Miller and Harold Urey figure out through simulating early atmospheric conditions? |
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Definition
| that organic compounds necessary for life could have formed from simpler compounds that were present |
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| When did the first unicellular organisms appear on earth? |
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Definition
3.5 billion years ago
they were bacteria
(prokaryotic and anaerobic)
no oxygen was present |
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| What gas was missing on early Earth? |
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Definition
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| Over time, what could the bacteria begin doing? |
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| capable of photosynthesizing and releasing oxygen |
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| evolutionary process where a new species forms |
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| Name the two ways that species can form? |
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Definition
geographic isolation
behavioral isolation |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a population is divided by a barrier into two geographically isolated populations that can no longer reach each other to breed |
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| occurs when individuals within the population may have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behaviors |
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| How did the early bacteria in Earth's shallow seas contribute to the development of life on Earth? |
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| preserved remains of an organism that lived many years ago |
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| branch of science in which the structures of living things are compared to understand the development and relationship among species better |
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Definition
same function
different ancestor
ex: bird wing, butterfly wing, bat wing |
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Definition
different function
same ancestor
ex: bird wing, human forearm, whale flipper |
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Definition
| is the study of the early stages of life before birth |
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| compare sequences of amino acids of specific molecules to see evolutionary relationships |
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Definition
pattern produced by gel electrophoresis
smallest fragment travel the farthest
DNA fragments are separated by size |
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| What is the charge of DNA |
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Definition
negative, so it travels toward the positive end of the gel electrophoresis
smallest fragments travel the farthest |
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| What does the fossil record show? |
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Definition
| Species evolve from one form to another |
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| The eyes of an octopus are very similar to human eyes but did not develop from a common ancestor. What type of structures do these similar eyes represent? |
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Definition
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Definition
maintains already well-adapted conditions by eliminating any organisms from the norm
ex: average size babies are favored |
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Definition
type of selection favors one extreme over others
ex: pesticide resistance and antibiotic resistance |
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Definition
| occurs when two or more conditions or states are favored. ex: orange and blue forms of butterfly mimic foul-tasting species, colors in between do not ward off predators, so butterflies with those colors are eaten more often |
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