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Definition
| molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
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| attraction between water molecules and other molecules |
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| hydrocarbon consisting of a linear chain of carbon atoms |
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| negative ion that is formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons |
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| hydrocarbon consisting of closed rings of carbon atoms |
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| the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element |
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| calculated mean of the mass number for an elements isotopes |
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| total number of protons in an atom |
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| balanced chemical equation |
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| statement of a chemical reaction with the number of each type of atom equalized for both the products and reactants |
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| molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
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| substance that prevents a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions |
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| amount of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius |
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| occurs because water molecules are attracted to charges on the inner surfaces of narrow tubular structures such as glass tubes, drawing the water molecules to the sides of the tubes |
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| positive ion that is formed by an atom losing one or more electrons |
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| interaction between two or more of the same or different atoms that results in the formation of molecules |
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| process leading to the rearrangement of atoms in molecules |
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| the ability to combine and to chemically bond with each other |
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| intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; responsible for surface tension |
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| substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements |
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| type of strong bond formed between two of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between atoms |
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| release of an ion from a molecule such that the original molecule now consists of an ion and the charged remains of the original, such as when water dissociates into H+ and OH- |
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| ion necessary for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions and water balance |
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| arrangement of electrons in an atoms electron shell (for example, 1s2 2s2 2p6) |
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| how electrons are spatially distributed surrounding the nucleus; the area where an electron is most likely to be found |
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| movement of electrons from one element to another; important in creation of ionic bonds |
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| ability of some elements to attract electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring partial negative charges in molecules and creating partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms |
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| negatively charged subatomic particle that resides outside of the nucleus in the electron orbital; lacks functional mass and has a negative charge of 1 unit |
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| one of 118 unique substances that cannot be broken down into smaller substances; each element has unique properties and a specified number of protons |
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| molecules that share overall structure and bonding patterns, but differ in how the atoms are three dimensionally placed such that they are mirror images of each other |
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| steady state of relative reactant and product concentration in reversible chemical reactions in a closed system |
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| separation of individual molecules from the surface of a body of water, leaves of a plant, or the skin of an organism |
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| group of atoms that provides or imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton |
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| isomer with similar bonding patterns differing in the placement of atoms alongside a double covalent bond |
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| heat of vaporization of water |
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Definition
| high amount of energy required for liquid water to turn into water vapor |
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| molecule that consists only of carbon and hydrogen |
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| weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms to slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules |
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| describes ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as water |
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| describes uncharged non-polar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules such as water |
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| (also, noble gas) element with filled outer electron shell that is unreactive with other atoms |
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| chemical bond that forms between ions with opposite charges (cations and anions) |
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| atom or chemical group that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons |
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| irreversible chemical reaction |
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| chemical reaction where reactants proceed uni-directionally to form products |
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| molecules that differ from one another even though they share the same chemical formula |
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| one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons |
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| chemical law stating that the rate of a reaction is proportional to the concentration of the reacting substances |
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| (also, pH paper) filter paper that has been treated with a natural water-soluble dye that changes its color as the pH of the environment changes so it can be used as a pH indicator |
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| total number of protons and neutrons in an atom |
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| anything that has mass and occupies space |
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| two or more atoms chemically bonded together |
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| uncharged particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom; has a mass of one amu |
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| type of covalent bond that forms between atoms when electrons are shared equally between them |
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| core of an atom; contains protons and neutrons |
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| rule that atoms are most stable when they hold eight electrons in their outermost shells |
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| region surrounding the nucleus; contains electrons |
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| any molecule containing carbon (except carbon dioxide) |
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| scale ranging from zero to 14 that is inversely proportional to the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
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| organizational chart of elements indicating the atomic number and atomic mass of each element; provides key information about the properties of the elements |
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| type of covalent bond that forms as a result of unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in the creation of slightly positive and slightly negative charged regions of the molecule |
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| molecule found on the right side of a chemical equation |
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| positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom; has a mass of one amu and a charge of +1 |
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| isotope that emits radiation composed of subatomic particles to form more stable elements |
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| molecule found on the left side of a chemical equation |
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| reversible chemical reaction |
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| chemical reaction that functions bi-directionally, where products may turn into reactants if their concentration is great enough |
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| substance capable of dissolving another substance |
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| the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius |
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| when a polar water molecule surrounds charged or polar molecules thus keeping them dissolved and in solution |
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| molecules that share a chemical formula but differ in the placement of their chemical bonds |
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| hydrocarbon chain or ring containing an atom of another element in place of one of the backbone carbons |
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| tension at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from separating; created by the attractive cohesive forces between the molecules of the liquid |
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| outermost shell of an atom |
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| van der Waals interaction |
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Definition
| very weak interaction between molecules due to temporary charges attracting atoms that are very close together |
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