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2R051 CDC Vol 3
FOUO
199
Archaeology
Professional
06/29/2010

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Cards

Term
What are natural numbers?
Definition
Any whole number from 0 to infinity
Term
What is the general rule of operations when working with a grouping of numbers with no symbols?
Definition
PEMDAS- Multivide divide left to right then add or subtract
Term
What are signed numbers
Definition
values (pos+) or neg(-) the + or - being the signs.
Term
How do you add two numbers with different signs?
Definition
Subtract the smaller from the larger
Term
What is the result when one negative number is divided by another negative?
Definition
Politive
Term
What is a good rounding rule?
Definition
round only the final answer
Term
How is the rate determined?
Definition
R=P/B
Term
How is portion determined?
Definition
P=R/B
Term
How is base determined
Definition
B=P/R
Term
What statistical method is considered objective, subjective?
Definition
Descriptive and Inferential
Term
In the function M=F(N) which is independant? Dependant?
Definition
M-dependant N-indpendant
Term
What are subscripts for?
Definition
to differentiate variables in a series
Term
What is the meaning of the symbol Sigma? (backwards E-ish)
Definition
sum of all aforementioned figures
Term
What is the value of 2 to the 5th power equal? Which is base? Exponet?
Definition
2 base 5 exponet, 62
Term
What is the range of the values of N in this expression? 5 less than or equal to N which is less than or equal to 15
Definition
5-14
Term
What is the value of 5/2*6?
a. 0.3
b. 8.4
c. 15
d. 30
Definition
C. 15
Term
Compute the difference of the signed numbers: -17-(-10)
a. 3
b. -3
c. -7
d. -27
Definition
C.
Term
Eighty is 40% of what number

A. 200
b. 820
c 400
d 500
Definition
a
Term
what statistical method uses only a sample of data?
a inferential
b descriptive
c data survey
d randomization
Definition
A
Term
Which action would require the use of the descriptive statistics method
a. draw a conclusion about data
b. chose a random sample of data
c. summarize a large amount of data
d. generalize from the results of small samples
Definition
c.
Term
In the equation Y=X+2 what does Y represent?
a. exponet
b. inequality
c. subscript
d. variable
Definition
d
Term
What is the value of 4 to the 3rd power
Definition
B
Term
What do you call data that can be expressed only in whole number units?
Definition
Discrete
Term
What is the meaning of "population" as used in statistical language
Definition
the body from which the population was drawn
Term
Define parameters
Definition
limits or barriers of a population
Term
What is a sample?
Definition
Splinter of the whole, chosen to represent a population
Term
What is a random sample?
Definition
Where ever unit has the equal chance of being drawn
Term
Define stratified sampling
Definition
Homogenity in groups, heterogenity out of groups
Term
Explain the difference between intentional and unintentional bias
Definition
Intentional- purposeful selection, going somewhere with it. Unintentional- dumb. Not following 6Ps
Term
Name two measurements that are truly quantitive
Definition
Nominal, Interval
Term
Name two measurement scales that are non quantitative
Definition
Rational, Ordinal
Term
What is the function of a frequency distrobution?
Definition
Organize data logically
Term
What is the first step in making a frequency distribution?
Definition
Correlate data
Term
What is the reccomended number of classes in a frequency distribution?
Definition
12-20
Term
What happens to a frequency distribution if the class interval is too small?
Definition
Skewed
Term
Explain cumulative frequency distibution
Definition
Figures outside boundaries
Term
How are percentage frequencies determined?
Definition
Class frequency/all frequency
Term
What are histograms based on
Definition
The fact that values fall evenly, inside limits
Term
Where are the frequencies of the class intervals plotted when constructing a frequency polygon?
Definition
Corresponding midpoints
Term
Which graphic representation gives a better idea of the general shape of a distribution?
Definition
Frequency polygon
Term
Define the mode
Definition
The most frequently occuring value
Term
List the five characteristics of the mode
Definition
Most recalling, effected by extremes, simple, stable, appropriate
Term
How is the mode estimated from ungrouped data?
Definition
finding the most appropriate ungrouped data
Term
How can you estimate the mode from a frequency distribution?
Definition
Find high frequency class
Term
How can you estimate the mode from a histogram?
Definition
Perpendicular line, dotted arrow
Term
Define median
Definition
Center of distibution
Term
Six characteristics of the median are:
Definition
All values above or below any # unaffected, must order values first
Term
How is the median calculated from ungrouped data when there is an odd number of values?
Definition
After it is ordered, the middle number
Term
How is the median calculated from ungrouped data when there is an even number of values?
Definition
It's assumed 1/2 way between two values
Term
When should you use the arithmetic mean?
Definition
When you need equal emphasis on each figure
Term
What is the mathematical definition of the arithmetic mean
Definition
the point that the standard deviation = 0
Term
What is the harmonic mean primarily used for?
Definition
Averaging things, especially time
Term
List five characteristics of the mean.
Definition
Effected by extreams, dependant array. Interval ration sum of deviations from mean is zero sum of two to the power of s is less than all points
Term
How is weight calculated when using the weighted arithmetic means?
Definition
multiplying value by appropriate quantitative number
Term
when would a harmonic mean be considered useless?
Definition
If there are zeroes.
Term
Define standard deviation in mathematical terms
Definition
Square root of the squares
Term
In the equations for calculating the standard deviation, what step gets rid of the negative values
Definition
Square the deviation
Term
In a population, if all the values are zero, what is the standard deviation?
Definition
Zero
Term
How are the standard deviation and the variance related?
Definition
Deviation is the square root of variance
Term
In a normal distribution, as n grows smaller, what happens to s?
Definition
less representative of the population
Term
Define the sampling distribution fo the mean
Definition
theory distribution of means
Term
The variability for the average of x values in the sampling distribution fo means is affected by what two factors?
Definition
Size, how varied samples are
Term
Define the standard error of the mean
Definition
deviation of population divided by the square root of the sample size
Term
The normal distribution is composed of what two parameters?
Definition
Mean/standard deviation
Term
Like all continuous distributions, the total area under the curve is what percentage?
Definition
100%
Term
For normality testing, what is the first step in plotting data?
Definition
Arrange data low to high
Term
What is a good method to learn to recognize normal data distributions?
Definition
Plot skewed data, compare to known
Term
What percentage of individual items are located within a distance of one standard deviation from the mean in a normal distribution?
Definition
68.26%
Term
What does the Z score represent?
Definition
How many standard deviations from the mean
Term
WHat is a symmetrical curve?
Definition
Each half of the curve is equal to itself
Term
What is a nonsymmetrical curve?
Definition
The halves differ
Term
what type of curve is very common when portraying the distribution of maintenance data
Definition
positive skew
Term
Which is the best example of a population in statistical language?
a. yearly b1 failures at dyess afb
b. weekly c-130 failures at scott afb
c. monthly e3c failures at tinker
d. total t38 failures across the af
Definition
D.
Term
A sample of a population that is taken in such a manner that each value has an equal chance of being selected is referred to as a
a. biased sample
b. random sample
c. sampling theory
d. sampling application
Definition
b. random sample
Term
What are measures such as the mean or median called if they are computed from a sample?
a. statistics
b. parameter
c. population
d. distribution
Definition
a.
Term
Which measurement scale consists of equal intervals between scale values and an arbitrary zero point?
a. ratio
b. nominal
c. ordinal
d. interval
Definition
d. interval
Term
The second step in making a frequency distribution is to
a. determine the data's range
b. determine the class interval size
c. range the data from largest to smallest
d. range data from smallest to largest
Definition
B
Term
Given the following noncumulative frequency distribution, which class interval will give you 18 classes?
a. .1
b. .2
c. .3
d. .4
Definition
c
Term
If you construct a frequency distribution and the class interval is too large, the result is
a. loss of detail
b. side gaps between items
c. overlapping lower limits
d. loss of smoothness and simplicity
Definition
a.
Term
When constructing a frequency polygon, what are plotted against the corresponding midpoints?
a. series of rectangles
b. individual values of data
c. lower limit and baseline
d. frequencies of the various class intervals
Definition
d
Term
Which graphical method gives the best representation of the number of individual values in each class?
a. histogram
b. frequency polygon
c. overlapping polygon
d. overlapping histogram
Definition
b
Term
what measure of central tendancy is the mostt typical value in a distribution

a. mean
b. mode
c. median
d. weighted mean
Definition
b
Term
What is the mode of sampling consisting of these values: 6, 9, 10, 3, 2, 6, 25

a. 2
b. 6
c. 8
d. 18
Definition
b
Term
The median cannot be used with data from which measurement scale?

a. nominal
b. interval
c. ordinal
d. ratio
Definition
a
Term
Analysts frequently use the median because it is easy to compute and gives a better picture of data than the mean and mode when data are

a. skewed
b. inconclusive
c. normal
d. incomplete
Definition
a.
Term
What must you do first to determine the median from ungrouped data?
a. arrange the data in classes
b. determine the numerical average
c. determine the total of the values
d. array the data in ascending order
Definition
d
Term
A true characteristic of the arithmetic mean it is
a. affected by extreme values
b. not usable with the ration measurement scale
c. not affected by the number of items in the distribution
d. the most frequently occuring value in the distribution
Definition
a
Term
What is the arithmetic mean of the values: 8, 10, 11, 11, 5?
Definition
C
Term
Compute a weighted mean for a distibution containing two values of 3 each, four values of 2 each, and 4 values of 5 each?
a. 1
b. 3.4
c. 6.6
d. 11.3
Definition
b
Term
For any distribution the sum of the deviations is
a. one
b. zero
c. less than one
d. more than one
Definition
b
Term
For a standard deviation of a population, if the number of values increases, the standard deviation.
a. increases
b. decreases
c. formula changes
d. remains the sam
Definition
A
Term
In a sample, you have 10 X values and each value is equal to 7. What is the standard deviation of the sample?
a. 0
b. 2.6
c. 14
d. 49
Definition
A
Term
As the number of values in a normal distribution sample decreases, the standard deviation

a. becomes more representative of the population
b. becomes less representative of the population
c. remains the same
d. increases
Definition
B. becomes less representative of the population
Term
Given a large number of random samples, how is the mean of all the sample means related to the population mean?

a. it is the same
b. it is radically different
c. it is exactly 3 standard eviations apart
d. it is more than three standard deviations apart
Definition
a.
Term
A normal distribution contains what two parameters?

a. mean and mode
b. standard error and mode
c. mean and standard deviation
d. standard error and standard deviation
Definition
c
Term
In a normal distribution, 99 percent of the area under the normal area curve is contained within how many standard deviations on each side of the mean
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
Definition
C
Term
When plotted on normal probability graph paper, data from a normal distribution shows up as a
a. circle
b. curved line
c. straight line
d. bell shaped cuve
Definition
c
Term
How many standard deviations are represented by a value of 22 if the average of X is 14 and s is 5.

a. -2.8
b. -1.6
c. 1.6
d. 2.8
Definition
c
Term
If the average of X equals 24 and s equals 6, what are the values of the average of X plus or equal to 2s

a. 24 and 48
b. 18 and 36
c. 12 and 36
d. 12 and 24
Definition
c
Term
The variable that measures how many standard deviations a value is from the mean is the

a. x score
b. z score
c. standard deviation
d. standard error of the mean
Definition
b. z score
Term
Where does the most frequent value of a normal curve occur?

a. at the center of the distribution
b. at all points in the distribution
c. at the tail end of the distributiond
d. away from the center of the distribution
Definition
a
Term
Define the method of variables?
Definition
quantitative classification of data
Term
describe the method of attributes?
Definition
nonquantitative classification
Term
define chance causes of variation
Definition
inheirant in system
Term
Define assignable causes of data
Definition
you can attribute a cause, outside forces
Term
Why do analysts use control charts?
Definition
to find assignable causes
Term
why is an investivation neccessary when points fall outside the established control limits on a control chart?
Definition
to see if it is in or out of control
Term
Explain why a process is out of control when seven consecutive points are on the same side of the centerline
Definition
indicates result is not representative of population
Term
what ristks are taken when you use control limits too close together on a control chart
Definition
look for nonexistant issues
Term
What should the analyst do when it has been decided that not enough time is being spent investivating assignable causes for variation?
Definition
switch to tighter controls
Term
What is the center line (CL) for the chart of individuals?
Definition
mean
Term
When a mean and standard deviation of a sample of past data are known, how are the upper and lower control limits determined for the chart of individuals
Definition
Add or subtract one standard deviation
Term
In what type of maintenance situation can the control chart for individuals be used?
Definition
Repetitive, constant jobs
Term
The control limits of the chart for individuals are based on what kind of sampling distribution?
Definition
normal
Term
How does the centerline of a chart for individuals compare with the centerline of a chart of averages?
Definition
centerlines equal
Term
What is the measure of variability of a chart for averages?
Definition
standard error of the mean
Term
what is the difference between the points plotted on a chart for individuals and the points plotted on a chart of averages?
Definition
Plot on a chart-sample mean. Chart of individuals- individuals.
Term
Name one advantage that a chart of averages has over a chart of individuals
Definition
Averages remain mostly in control
Term
Name one advantage that a chart of averages has over a chart of individuals
Definition
Averages remain mostly in control
Term
Compare the sampling distributions associated with a chart for individuals with the sampling distribution of a chart for averages
Definition
both need normal distributions
Term
What is the purpose of a chart for dispersion?
Definition
measures changes in dispersion
Term
WHich other control chart is used in conjunction with an R chart?
Definition
average of X
Term
How does subgroup or sample size affect the construction of the R chart?
Definition
kept small to keep variations between groups
Term
Why must the sample size never be changed for previously established average of X chart and Rcharts?
Definition
control limits based on sample
Term
Define the terms defect and defective
Definition
Defect- discrepancy like PMC
Defective- broken, NMC
Term
What is the c chart designed for
Definition
plot detedcted defects
Term
What does the C chart have for its centerline
Definition
average # of defects per sample
Term
What condition must the sample size or unit inspected meet when using the C chart?
Definition
Size needs to remain constant
Term
The causes of variation that can be identified on a control chart, regulated, and possibly eliminated are
a. chance
b. natural
c. random
d. assignable
Definition
d.
Term
The purpose of a control chart in statistics is to
a. identify causes for variation
b. eliminate causes for variation
c. detect the presence of chance causes for variation
d. detect the presence of assignable causes for variation
Definition
d.
Term
In general statistical terms, a control chart tells you

a. what the problem might be
when to look for a problem
where the root cause of a problem is
d. how to correct and eliminate a problem
Definition
b.
Term
When identifying processes out of control and using a control chart, what action should you take if you have set your control limits at three standard deviations and suspected problems are falling within control limits?

a. switch to tighter limits
b. recalculate to find standard deviation
c. keep established limits and don't investigate
d. discard current data and recalculate standard deviation
Definition
a.
Term
In statistical terms, what does the control chart for plotting individual X values use for the center line?
a. mean
b. mode
c. standard deviation
d. standard error of the mean
Definition
a.
Term
the statistical interpretation of a control chart for individuals would be distorted if the
a. distribution is normal
b. distribution is extremely skewed
c. standard deviation too small
d. standard deviation too large
Definition
b
Term
In statistics, the control chart for averages is best used when dealing with data that is

a. simple
b. complex
c. in relatively small amounts
d. in relatively large amounts
Definition
d.
Term
What characteristic of the distribution used in a control chart for averages gives it an advantage over chart of individuals?
a. distribution of means always tends to be normal
b. population must be normal
c. population cannot be skewed
d. individual samples arent used
Definition
A
Term
Which statistical chart measures changes in the means of a series?

a. chart of individuals
b. chart for averages
c. range char
d. p chart
Definition
b
Term
What subgroup sample size is commonly used when constructing a statistical range chart?
a. 4-5
b.6-10
c. 10-20
d.20-25
Definition
b
Term
In statistics, what item on a p chart is affected by large changes in size?
a. center line
b. control limits
c. standard deviationd
.standard error of the mean
Definition
b
Term
In statistics, a c chart may be used to measure
a. number of defective units
b. number of defects per unit
c. percent of defective units, percent of defects per squadron
d. percent of defectives per units
Definition
b
Term
in statistics, a range chart is usually coupled with a
a. c chart
b. p chart
c. chart of averages
d. chart of individuals
Definition
c.
Term
On what sttistical control chart is the number of defects per unit plotted
a. c hart
b. p chart
c. chart of averages
d. chart of individuals
Definition
A
Term
Why can't detailed investigations be made on everything in maintenance?
Definition
massive amount of data, limited time
Term
WHat is the purpose of hypotheses testing in analysis?
Definition
identify trends, differences, differences
Term
How is null hypothesis denoted?
Definition
H
Term
Define alternate hypothesis?
Definition
Hypothesis available if null is wrong
Term
Why are sampling distributions used in hypothesis testing
Definition
for making adds on the likelyhood of an occurance
Term
When a given hypothesis is rejected, when in fact it is true, what type of error was made?
Definition
Type 1
Term
What is alpha?
Definition
probability of a type 1 error
Term
Define level of significance
Definition
risk factor you're willing to accept
Term
What is used to set up level of significance?
Definition
assigns portions of data in normal curve as rejection area
Term
list the six types of hypothesis testing procedures
Definition
state type, choose test, set gigint,distro, compute, makes computer doo things
Term
State an advantage of presetting the level of significance before making the comparason step in hypothesis testing.
Definition
more objective, less doubt
Term
What step in hypotesis testing normally takes longer to perform? why?
Definition
compute, many calculations
Term
Which factor of hypothesis testing determines the level of confidence in your decision?
Definition
significance
Term
Define parametric and nonparametric tests
Definition
parametric- strong, basic assumptions. Nonparametric- less rigid, no assumptions
Term
Which type of statistical test uses data from a normal distribution?
Definition
parametric
Term
Parametric tests use which measurement scales?
Definition
Interval/ratio
Term
Nonparametric tests use data from which measurement scales?
Definition
NOIR' Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio
Term
List five assumptions and tests neccessary to compare the means of two samples of size 40.
Definition
Independant/random, ratio/oridnal, continuous/normal distrobution, homovariance performed
Term
What measurement scale is required before a mann-whitney u test can be performed?
Definition
ordinal
Term
Which tests can be used with a nominal scale?
Definition
chi-square
Term
What do you use to determine if your sample differences are within the extreme regions in the sampling distribution?
Definition
critical values.
Term
What six questions must you answer to go through the proper sequence of statistical tests?
Definition
discrete or continuous? nominal? outliers?
Term
what is the purpose of a T test?
Definition
test extreme values to determine outliers
Term
What is the first step in determining if an outlier exists in a data series
Definition
plot data on graph paper
Term
What action should be taken from the T test statistic is > T critical value?
Definition
eliminated from further computation
Term
What does the F test accomplish for the analyst?
Definition
Determines significant differences between variances
Term
What is the df value for a sample size of 24?
Definition
23
Term
What is the indication when you state a null hypothesis and the F test statistic is
Definition
not significantly different
Term
Whta table of probability is used with the z test for means?
Definition
normal curve
Term
How are the two samples treated when assigning ranks for computing a U test tatistic
Definition
as one sample size
Term
You computed two U values. Which U value do you select as the U test statistic
Definition
smaller
Term
To use an H test, the data must come from at least which measurement scale?
Definition
ordinal
Term
What effect will value ties across samples have on the H test?
Definition
excessive ties weaken test
Term
What sampling distribution test do you use when more than three samples are used with the H test.
Definition
Chi squared
Term
State the purpose of an x to the second power test
Definition
To test if major differences exist between frequencies in categories
Term
What is the minimum of expected frequencies when using the x to the second power test?
Definition
5. Not less than one
Term
How is E determined when only one sample is used in a x to the second power test?
Definition
E=sum of the population/K
Term
What is the indication when the x to the second power test statistic is less than the x to the second power value using H to the 0?
Definition
significant differences
Term
The various statistical techniques associated with hypothesis testing should be performed
a. neither very large nor very small
b. either very large or very small
c. very small
d. very large
Definition
a
Term
Hypothesis testing is used in data analysis to

calculate linear trends
calculate probabilites
identify differences of the means
identify significant differances, trends, and relationships
Definition
D
Term
What type of hypothesis assumes no significant difference between two or more population samples?

a. alternate
b. directional
c. null or given
d. directional alternate
Definition
c
Term
How would you state the null hypothesis concerning your assumption between population A and pop B? The mean population of A

a. is equal to the mean of pop B
b. is less than the mean of pop B
c. is greater than the mean of pop B
d. cannot be measured with the mean of pop B
Definition
A
Term
The probability of making a type I statistical error is denoted by

a. beta
b. mu
c. alpha
d. rho
Definition
c. alpha
Term
When you assign a level of significance to a statistical test, you are actually assigning

a. a certain proportion of data in the normal curve area as your acceptance region
b. certain proportion of data in the normal area curve as your rejection
c. standard errror of the mean as your rejection region
d. the standard deviation as your cutoff point
Definition
b
Term
What is the first step in the hypothesis testing procedure?

a. determine sampling distribution
b. state two hypothesis
c. compute statistic
d. choose tests
Definition
b
Term
What statistical test makes no assumptions about the shape of the populations from which the samples come?

a. parametric
b. directional
c. nondirectional
d. nonparametric
Definition
d
Term
In statistical testing, the extreme regions in sampling distributions are signified by

a. critical values
b chi squares
c. null values
d variances
Definition
a
Term
In parametric testing, a t test is a one tailed test because
a. only one factor is used
b. only one tail of the sampling distro is used
c. both tails are used together
d. one tail is subtracted from the other
Definition
b
Term
If you use an f test for variance between two samples, you will reject your null hypothesis when
Definition
a. greater than the F critical value
b. less than F critical
c. negative value
d. zero
Term
In statistics, a t test evaluates the significance of the difference between the

a. variance of more than two large samples
b. variance of two small samples
c. means of two small samples
d. means of two large samples
Definition
C
Term
For a t test, what should the sample size be for differences between sample means?

a. less than 10
b. less than 30
c. larger than 30
d. larger than 50
Definition
B
Term
For a z test, the sample size for differences between sample means should a test
a 10
b. 20
c. 30
d. 40
Definition
C
Term
In nonparametric testing when making a comparison to the table of U critical values, you use the

a. differrnce of the u statistic
b. sum of the u statistic
c. smaller u statistic
d. larger u statistic
Definition
c
Term
In nonparametric testing, why is the U test statistic converted to a z deviate when the sample size is no greater than 20?

a. no table exists for the comparing u statistics
b. z deviates are easier than u statistics
c. the u statistic can be compared to the table of u critical values
d. the sampling distribution of U rapidly approaches the normal distribution
Definition
D
Term
The Kruskal-wallis H test requires data from at least what scale?

a. ratio
b. interval
c. ordinal
d. nominal
Definition
C
Term
In nonparametric testing, what number of samples can the x 2 test be used for?
a. only one sample
b. no more than two samples
c. three to five samples
d. any number of samples
Definition
D
Term
In a nonparametric testing, what is the degree of freedom for a x 2 sample containing FIVE categories and FOUR rows in a multi sample test?
Definition
A
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