genre: fiction

paperback

only sold at bookstores, unlike pocket books

increased literacy

Cody aka "Buffalo Bill"

made western genre famous

Buffalo Bils Wild West Show

"rags to riches" novels

morals being good

being good leads to success

small book able to fit in pocket,

CAN BE PURCHASED ANYWHERE EX. DRUGSTORE

GI'S IN WWII had access

Wrote how-to books on child-rearing

due to baby boom after WWII

written by Grace Metalious

put paperbacks into people's consiousness

controversial due to sexual content

paperbacks used to be auxilary to hard covers, now come out simultaneously

Trade books- general interest books, including both fiction and nonfiction books that typically were sold to consumers through retail bookstores to libraries (childens books)

texts- textbooks---huge source of income for publishing companies

religious books

mass selling and created spin-offs (movies, tshirts)

ex. HP7

1. sole purpose to make PROFIT

2. contribute the best to culture

Authors record of sales and failures

determines whether they get the job and advances

mystery novelist who got 35 million in advances

but bad for underdogs who could potentially write next Moby Dick ->leads to shrink in fostering new literature

dangerous

diminishing because stores are closing down

ereaders and ebooks reason for decline

social place

included short stories, poems, comics, ex. NEW YORKER

Specialized ones -Times

Richard Steele and Joseph Addison

model for early american magazines (incl everything)

failed because of small population (many illiterate)

costs expensive

vast distances

observer writer

wrote Democracy in America-best book in society

Westward expansion

general mag

most famous for artwork by Norman Rockwell

Poltical Magazines

New Republic

Buckley 1954

conservative politics

the 400- rich and elite

term coined for reporters who exposed the "muck of society"

Roosevelt against it

reporters used term in self reference--> made it positive

exposed Standard Oil Company-monopoly that controlled all petroleum through bribery and intimidation

owned by JD Rockefeller

Shame of the Cities

exposed both small and big city corruption

"How the Other Half Lives"

used pics and exposed housing conditions in New York

gave magazines second class mailing status- cheaper to send lowering the cost of magazines

increased readership

innovative magazines

started Time Magazine and Fortune Magazinein the midst of Great Depression

Photojournalism mag

largest circulation at time

killed off by television

very little rights, couldnt serve on jury, no property or voting rights

in terms of devorce husband got EVERYTHING

Women had freedom of choice (in marriage)

these were unique

stay home women who dealt with primary house issues

middle and upper class

inspired term ladies

Louis Goday

Sara Joseph Hale became editor

middle class readership

preached major virtues women should have in urbanized society -> cult of domesticity 1. Purity 2. Piety 3. submissiveness

this was dominant theology, not all followed

Goday's mag dies out

Women become educated

bgan to assume new places in workforce such as teaching

work is feminized- nursing where women are dominant

Companionate Marriage- equality

looser/no corsets- athletic

spokesmagazine for new women

editor Edward Bok

women can have careers and be athletic

companionate marriage

Helen Brown

women's sexuality, health

contraception

"mouseburger" - educated woman with job, not unattractive, needs perking up

"The Feminine Mystique"

sparked feminism

persistence of vision theory- natural phenomenon in which the human eye continues to see an image for a fraction of a moment after the object is removed from sight

like a flip book, 2 images come together to form motion

result of a bet.

Stanford who bet on race horses went to Moibridge to devise a way to show 4 hooves leaving ground at same time)

developed a kaleidoscope wheel for motion- but not actually a moving picture camera

hired WKL Dickson, a admirer of his, to work on motion pic camera

HE superivised and developped camera but Edison credited in America

Audience

Hungarian immigrant started the fur movement

His wife said that movies were like "paying for something before you get it!" so he began investing in nickelodeans

original diva, MOST FAMOUS EVER, not pretty, great actress, wooden leg, ONLY SPOKE FRENCH

in film Queen Elizabeth

Zukor heard of it, bought American film rights to it knowing upperclass wanted to see it/her

Zukor rented a nice theater to show it, raised price to a dollar, was successful

first exposure to movies for upper class

production company

Samuel "Roxy" Rothapfel built luxurious movie "palaces"

middle class comes to film ->> films become masss media

where production started

weather and cost were issues

heavily unionized city -> high production costs

movie companies moved to west coast because not unionized, cheaper costs, and better weather

originally did not exist becasue stars were to be paid more money if well known

after Mary Pickford, star sytem invented- operation designed to find and cultivate actors under long term contracts, with the intention of developping those actors into famous stars who would enhance the profitability of films

Acting name Mary Pickford, on stage since infancy, pretty and good, met broadway producer who changed her name

she was smart, heard people asking for her, decided to demand raise, refused, went to CARL LEENNELA who offered her 250 a week and put her name on film, rare, before only directors name on credits--->STARRRR SYSTEMMMMM!!!

Edison monopolized the industry, had many patents on items, joined together with other people like him, to form the edison trust-> tried to monopolize industry

FAILED because of independants

2 independents that fought against Edison Trust, Edison controlled film stock, so they got some from France

1917 Trust defeated

MGM,

Universal,

20th century Fox,

Columbia,

Warner Bros,

United Artist

and PARAMOUNT,

RKO

censored by the Motion Picture producer and distributor association MPPDA

"Hayes office"

censored everything

established not by governement, but film industry itself

Established compensatory moral value, justice must be served, every film must be approved by Hayes Office

-NO NUDITY

-NO OBSCENITY

-NO UNCONVENTIONAL SEXUALITY

-something immoral must have redeeming factor

Studios must divest theaters because it was monopolistic and restricted trade

Huge blow to Studio System

list of people not allowe to work in film bc deemed as communist

people in blacklist were creative, so when not allowed to work, loss in creativity in film industry

Finances films

Involved in marketing

no more legion of workers, aka actors and directors

industry becomes more free lance -> subsidiary companies that relate to other freelance companies

star decides to work, finds bankable director, who wants to make film, aka clint eastwood, johnny depp

before didnt exist because too expensive, no revenue

needs 1. technology 2. venues (sundance)

average film costs $50 million for first negative producing and filming, not distributing, needs to make 125 million to break even

most money goes to stars

internation showing a big source of income

nut is amount it takes to run theater for a week, utilities, staff MAJOR INPUT FROM CONCESSION STAND

another way to open film

only opens in select theaters, released later in year for award season, gets good reviews or nominated, increase in audience, wins an award, even higher increase in audience

style was german expressionist

uses low key lighting

characters ambiguous

not necessarily happy endings