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2nd Semester Final Review: 'BIOLOGY'
Questions and Facts to help you study and review for the Biology Final Exam.
60
Biology
9th Grade
05/19/2009

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Term
As cells become larger...
Definition
it's volume increases faster than it's surface area. Because of this, large cells have trouble moing materials in and out of the cell.
Term
What is the process by which a cell divides?
Definition
Cell Division
Term
When cell divison occurs, each daughter cell...
(Hint* Think DNA)
Definition
recieves it's own copy of the parent cell's DNA.
Term
Name the phases of the cell cycle in order.
Definition

1) G1 Phase-most cell growth occurs

2) S Phase-DNA Replication

3) G2 Phase-preparation for mitosis

4) M Phase-mitosis and cytokinesis

Term
Interphase is comprised of:
Definition

G1 Phase

S Phase

G2 Phase

Term
Cell division occurs during what phase of the cell cycle?
Definition
The M Phase
Term
Name the area where sister chromatids are attached.
Definition
The centromere
Term
Sister chromatids are visible during phase(s)
Definition

Prophase

Metaphase

Mitosis

Term

Name the phases of mitosis.

(Hint* PMAT)

Definition

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Term
During Anaphase, spindle fibers do what?
Definition
Pull sister chromatids to opposite poles.
Term
Plant cells have a and Animal cells do not.
Definition
Cell Plate
Term
By the end of   both daughter cells have the same nuber of chromosomes as he parent had.
Definition
Mitosis
Term
If you got a cut on your finger, when would your cells normally stop growing?
Definition
When they come in contact with other cells.
Term
In eukaryotic cells, the timing of the cell cycle is regulated by protiens called?
Definition
Cyclins
Term
What is cancer?
Definition
The inability of cells to control their growth rate.
Term
Cancer cells form masses called?
Definition
Tumors
Term
used to study the inheritance of traits.
Definition

Gregor Mendel/Mendel

pea plants

Term
What is a hybrid?
Definition
A cross between parents with different traits
Term
What did Mendel do to prevent self-pollination?
Definition
Removed the stamens from the flowers of plants
Term
The factors determine traits are genes.
Definition
Chemical
Term
Gregor Mendel realized that traits are inherited through the passing of factors from to .
Definition

parents

offspring

Term
When Mendel crossed a tall plant with a short plant, the F1 inherited?
Definition
Both, the tall and short allele
Term
The principle of dominance say:
Definition
that some alleles are dominant and some are recessive.
Term
In pea plants the allele for tall plants is over the allele for short plants.
Definition
dominant
Term
If a heterozygous pea plant for  is allowed to self-pollinate, some of the offspring will be tall and some of the offspring will be short
Definition
height
Term
The odds of flipping a coin and coming up with heads are?
Definition
50:50
Term
The principles of probability can be used to...of offspring produced by genetic crosses.
Definition
predict the traits
Term

In the P generation, a tall plant is crossed with a short plant. The probability tha an F2 plant will be short is?

(How many percent?)

Definition
25%
Term
Organisms that have two identical traits for a particular trait are said to be .
Definition
Homozygous
Term
A is used to predict and compare the genetic variations that will result from a cross.
Definition
Punnett Square
Term
The Phenotype refers to?
Definition
Physical characteristics
Term
The genotype refers to?
Definition
The genetic makeup.
Term
The principles of independent assortment states that:
Definition
genes for different traits can segregate independently. Example : RRYy can lead to 2 allele combinations.
Term
What is incomplete dominance?
Definition
A situation where one allele for a gene is not completly dominant over another allele for that gene.
Term
What is codominance?
Definition
A situation where both alleles contribute to the phenotype.
Term
Traits controlled by two or more genes are said to be .
Definition
polygenic
Term
What molecule has the shape of a double helix?
Definition
DNA
Term
The nucleotides in DNA are made up of what?
Definition
Deoxyribose, a Nitrogenous Base, and a Phosphate.
Term
Because of base pairing, the of purines to pyrimidines is about equal in DNA.
Definition
percent
Term
In eukaryotic organismsthe DNA is located where?
Definition
In the nucleus
Term
During the process of , DNA is copied in two identical copies. Each copy contains one strand, and one strand of DNA.
Definition

replication

old

new

Term
Name the four bases found in DNA.(Hint* ATCG)
Definition

Adenine

Thymine

Cytosine

Guanine

Term
During the process of replication, a DNA strand with the bases TCAGT will form a strand with what bases?
Definition

AGTCA

(Base Pairing!)

Term
RNA contains the sugar .
Definition
Ribose
Term
While DNA contains the base , RNA contains the base instead.
Definition

thymine

uracil

Term
Name the three types of RNA.
Definition
Messenger, Ribosomal, and Transfer RNA.
Term
Translation is protien synthesis. Translation involves all three types of .
Definition
RNA
Term
is the process by which RNA molecules are produced from DNA.
Definition
Transcrption
Term
The describes the sequence of nucleotides used to produce amino acids.
Definition
genetic code
Term
There are 64 different kinds of codon but only 20 amino acids. Because of this, a(n) can be specifies by more than one codon.
Definition
amino acid
Term
Genes contain what for making proteins?
Definition
Instructions
Term
Genes for proteins can be turned on and off depending upon .
Definition
the need
Term
Breeds of all kinds of animals have been produced by selective breeding. True of False?
Definition
True
Term
Selective breeding is used to produce desired -blank- in offspring.
Definition
Traits
Term
Inbreeding is the not continued breeding of closely related individuals, and it can lead many genetic defects. True of False?
Definition
False. It is the continued inbreeding of closely related individuals.
Term
The crossing of a horse and a donkey produces a mule which is an example of -blank- .
Definition
Hybridization
Term
Mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variability. True or False?
Definition
True
Term
Restriction enzymes are used to patch DNA fragments together. True or False.
Definition
False. Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA into fragments.
Term
Hundreds of restriction enzymes are known, and each one cuts DNA at a specific sequence of .
Definition
Nucleotides
Term
-Blank- is used to separate DNA into fragments. (Hint* It's not restriction enzymes)
Definition
Gel electrophoresis
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