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| the process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses it to make food |
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| organism that makes its own food |
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| organism that cannot make it own food feeds off of other animals |
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| colored chemical compound that absorb light. gives green color |
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| the main photosynthetic pigment in chloroplasts is chlorophyll |
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| small openings on the underside of the leaves thru which carbon dioxide enters the plant thru |
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| the process by which cells obtain energy from glucose |
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| an energy releasing process that does no require oxygen |
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| regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo |
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first stage
period before cell division
during interphase the cell grows makes a copy of its DNA and prepares to divide into 2 new cells |
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| the cell makes an exact copy of the DNA in its nucleas |
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| cells nucleas divided into two new nuclei. (one copy of DNA is distributed into each of the 2 daughter cells |
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during prophase, they form
thread like chromatin in the nucleas condenses to form them |
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final stage of cell cycle
cytoplasm divides. the organelles are distributed to each of the 2 new cells |
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| the passing of PHYSICAL characteristics from parent to offspring. |
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| each different form of a characteristic |
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| the scientific study of heredity |
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| the offspring of many generations that have the same trait |
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| factors that control a trait |
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| different forms of a gene |
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| one whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present |
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| hidden whenever the dominant is present |
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| two different alleles for a trait |
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| number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur |
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| chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross |
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| physical appearance or visual traits |
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| neither dominant or recessive so both show in organism |
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| the process by which the # of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells |
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| how are the # of chromosomes changing in meiosis and mitosis |
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| mRNA -ncopies the coded message from the dna in the nucleas and carries the message to the ribosome in the cytoplasm. |
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| carries amino acids to the ribosome and adds them to the growing protein. |
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| change in a gene or chromosome |
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| 3 or more of forms of a gene that code for a single trait |
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Definition
one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in each body cell
determine whether male or female |
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Definition
| genes on the x and y chromosome |
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| person who receives one recessive allele for a trait and one dominant |
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| in sex linked traits only ______ can be _____ |
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Definition
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| abnormal condition that a person inherits through genes or chrmomsomes |
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Term
| explain how the sun supplies living things with energy they need. |
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Definition
| nearly all living things obtain energy either directly or indirectly from the energy of sunlight captured during photosynthesis |
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| describe what happens during photosynthesis |
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Definition
| plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugar. |
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| describe the events that occur during respiration |
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Definition
| cells break down simple food molecules such as sugar and release the energy they contain. |
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| tell what fermentation is ? |
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Definition
| provides energy for cells without using oxygen |
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| identify the events that take place during the three stages of the cell cycle |
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Definition
during interphase the cell grows makes a copy of its DNA and prepares to divide into 2
during mitosis,one copy of DNA is distributed into each of the 2 daughter cells.
during cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides. organelles are distributed to the new cells |
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Term
| explain how the structure of DNA helps account for the way in which DNA copies itself. |
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Definition
| the order of the bases in each new DNA molecule exactly matches the order in the original DNA molecule |
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| describe the results of Mendel's experiments |
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Definition
| only one form of the trait appeared in the f1 generation. However, in the f2 generation, the lost form of the trait always reappeared in about one fourth of the plants. |
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| identify what controls the inheritance of traits in organisms |
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Definition
| organisms traits are controlled by the alleles it inherits from its parents. some dominant, some recessive |
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Term
| define probability and explain how it helps explain the results of genetic crosses |
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Definition
| is a # that describes how likely it is that an event will occur. in a genetic cross, the allele that each parent will pass on to its offspring is based on probability. |
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| explain genotype and phenotype |
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Definition
| phenotype is the physical appearance or visible traits. genotype is genetic makeup or allele combinations |
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| describe the role chromosomes play in inheritance? |
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Definition
| genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes (chromosomal theory of inheritance) |
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Term
| identify the events that occur during meiosis. |
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Definition
| the chromosome pairs separate and are distributed to 2 different cells. The resulting sex cells have only half as many chrmomosomes as the other cells in the organism. |
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| explain the relationship between chromosomes and genes |
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Definition
| chromosomes are made of many genes joined together like beads on a string. |
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| explain what forms the genetic code. |
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Definition
| the order of the nitrogen bases along a gene forms a genetic code that specifies what type of protein will be produced. |
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| describe how a cell produces proteins. |
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Definition
| During protein synthesis, the cell uses info from a gene on a chromosome to produce a specific protein |
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| identify how mutations can affect on organism |
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Definition
| mutations can cause a cell to produce an incorrect protein during protein synthesis. as a result the organisms trait or phenotype may be different from what it normally would have been. |
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| identify some patterns of inheritance in humans |
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Definition
| some human traits are controlled by single genes with 2 alleles, and others by single genes with multiple alleles. still other traits are controlled by many genes that act together. |
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| describe the functions of the sex chromosomes. |
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Definition
| sex chromosomes carry genes that determine whether a person is male or female. they also carry genes that determine other traits. |
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| explain the relationship between genes and the environment. |
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Definition
| many of a person's characteristics are determined by an interaction between genes and their environment. |
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| Identify 2 major causes of genetics disorders in humans |
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Definition
mutations in the DNA of genes.
changes in the overall structure or number of chromosomes. |
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| Explain how geneticists trace the inheritance of traits. |
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Definition
| a tool they use is a pedigree. |
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| explain how genetic disorders are diagnosed and treated. |
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Definition
| karyotypes to help diagnose genetic disorders. People with genetic disorders are helped thru medical care, education,job training, and other methods. |
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Term
| ___ and ___ are examples of genetic disorders. |
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Definition
cystic fibrosis
hemophilia |
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