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| The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution |
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| areas of personal freedom with which governments are constrained from interfering |
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| legal or moral claims that citizens are entitled to make on the government to protect them from the illegal actions of other citizens and government agencies |
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| higher standard of judicial protection for speech cases and other civil liberties and civil rights cases, in which the burden of proof shifts from the complainant to the government |
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| the ability of the court to exclude evidence obtained in violation of the fourth amendment |
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| principles developed by the supreme court in Miranda v. Arizona requiring those under arrest be informed of their egal rights, including rights to counsel, prior to police interrogation |
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| the first amendment clause that says, "congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion" this clause means that a wall of separation exists between church and state |
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| rule articulated in Lemon v kurtzman according to which governmental action in respect to religion is permissible if it is secular in purpose, does not lead to "excessive entanglement" with religion, and neither promotes nor inhibits the practice of religion |
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| speech accompanied by activites such as sit-ins, picketing, and demonstrations. protection of this form of speech under the first amendment is conditional, and restrictions imposed by state or local authorities are acceptable if properly balanced by considerations of public order |
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| an effort by a government agency to block the publication of material it deems libelous or harmful in some other way; censorship. IN the united states the courts forbid prior restraint except under the most extraordinary circumstances. |
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| a written statement made in "reckless disregard of the truth" and considered damaging to a victim because it is "malicious, scandalous, and defamatory" |
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| an oral statement made in "reckless disregard of the truth" and considered damaging to a victim because it is malicious, scandalous, and defamatory" |
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| speech that explicitly incites damaging conduct |
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| to proceed according to law and with adequate protection for individual rights |
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| a jury that determines whether sufficeint evidence is available to justify a trial. Grand juries do not rule on the accused's guit or innocence. |
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| the right of the government to take private property for public use, with reasonable compensation awarded from the property |
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| the right to be let alone, which has been interpreted by the supreme court to entail free access to birth control and abortions |
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| a clause in the fourteenth amendment that requires that states provide citizens "equal protection of the laws." |
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| "separate but equal" rule |
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| doctrine that public accommodations could be segregated by race but still be equal |
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| racial segregation that is a direct result of law or official policy |
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| racial segregation that is not a direct result of law or government policy but is instead a reflection of residential patterns |
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| the test used by the supreme court in gender discrimination cases. Intermediate scrutiny places the burden of proof partially on the government and partially on the challengers to show that the law in question is constitutional |
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| a policy or program designed to redress historic injustices against specified groups by actively promoting equal access to educational and employment opportunities |
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| citizens' attitudes about political issues, personalities, institutions, and events |
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| the induction of individuals into the political culture; learning the underlying beliefs and values upon which the political system is based |
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| social institutions, including families and schools, that help to shape individuals' basic political beliefs and values |
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| a distinctive pattern of voting behavior reflecting the differences in views between women and men |
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| a liberal today generally supports political and social reform; extensive governmental intervention in the economy; the expansion of federal social services; more vigorous efforts on behalf of the poor, minorities, and women; and greater concern for consumers and the environment |
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| today this term refers to one who generally supports the social and economic status quo and is suspicious of efforts to introduce new political formulae and economic arrangements. conservatives believe that a large and powerful government poses a threat to citizen's freedom |
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| the requirement that broadcasters provide candidates for the same political office an equal opportunity to communicate their messages to the public |
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| an FCC regulation giving individuals the right to have the opportunity to respond to personal attacks made on a radio ro TV broadcast |
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| an FCC requirement that broadcasters who air programs on controversial issues provide time for opposing views |
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| the power of the media to bring public attention to particular issues and problems |
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| an effort by a government agency to block the publication of material it deems libelous or harmful in some other way; censorship. In the United States, the courts forbid prior restraint except under the most extraordinary circumstances |
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| a state imposed tax on voters as a prerequisite for registration. Poll taxes were rendered unconstitutional in national elections by the Twenty-fourth Amendment, and in state elections by the Supreme Court in 1966. |
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| an electoral format that presents the names of all the candidates for any given office on the same ballot. introduced at the turn of the twentieth century, the australian ballot replaced the partisan ballot and facilitated split-ticket voting |
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| an electorate that is allowed to elect only one representative from each district; the normal method of representation in the United States. |
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| Apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to one political party. |
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| type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in the parliament or other representative body, a candidate need only receive the most votes in the election, not necessarily a majority of votes cast |
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| type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in the parliament or other representative body, a candidate must receive a majority of all the votes cast in the relevant district |
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| proportional representation |
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| a multiple-member district system that awards seats based on the percentage of the vote won by each candidate. By contrast, the "winner-take-all" system of elections awards the seat to the one candidate who wins the most votes. |
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| the practical referring a measure proposed by a legislature to the vote of the electorate for approval or rejection |
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| the process that allows citizens to propose new laws and submit them for approval by the state's voters |
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| procedure to allow voters an opportunity to remove state officials from office before their terms expire |
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| an individual voter's psychological ties to one party or another. |
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| electoral choice based on issues preferences rather than partisanship, personality, or other factors. |
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| voting based on the imagined future performance of a candidate |
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| voting based on the past performance of a candidate |
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| political action committee (PAC) |
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| a private group that raises and distributes funds for use in election campaigns |
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| an organized group that attempts to influence the government by electing its members to important government offices |
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| the process through which political parties select their candidate for election to public office |
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| a primary election in which voters can participate in the nomination of candidates, but only of the party in which they are enrolled for a period of time prior to primary day |
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| a primary election in which the voter can wait until the day of the primary to choose which party to enroll in to select candidates for the general election |
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| the party that holds the majority of legislative seats in either the house or the senate |
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| the point in history when a new party supplants the ruling party, becoming in turn the dominant political force. In the United States, this has tended to occur roughly every thirty years |
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| the condition in American government in which one party controls the presidency while the opposing party controls one or both houses of Congress |
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| a party that organizes to compete against the two major American political parties |
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| an electorate that is allowed to elect only one representative from each district; the normal method of representation in the United States |
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| an electorate that selects all candidates at large from the whole district; each voter is given the number of votes equivalent to the number of seats to be filled |
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| a normally closed meeting of a political or legislative group to select candidates, plan strategy or make decisions regarding legislative measures |
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| a group of people organized around a shared belief or mutual concern who try to influence the government to make policies promoting their belief or concerns. |
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| the theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for influence in the government. The outcome of this competition is balance and compromise |
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| benefits, sought by groups, that are broadly available and cannot be denied to nonmembers |
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| one who enjoyes the benefits of collective goods bud did not participate in acquiring them |
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| special newsletters, periodicals, training programs, conferences, and other information provided to members of groups to entice others to join. |
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| special goods, services or money provided to members of groups to entice others to join |
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| selective benefits of a group membership that emphasize friendship, networking, and consciousness raising |
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| selective benefits of group membership that emphasize the purpose and accomplishments of the group |
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| an attempt by a group to influence the policy process though persuasion of government officials. |
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| a strategy that attempts to mobilize the widest and most favorable climate of opinion |
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| a lobbying campaign in which a group mobilizes its membership to contact government officials in support of the group's position |
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| political action committee |
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| a private group that raises and distributes funds for uses in election campaigns. |
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