Term
| What are 3 characteristics of neurodegenerative disorders? |
|
Definition
1. loss of neurones
2. progressive
3. irreversible |
|
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Term
| Per envy 100,000, how many people are affected by Parkinson's, Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many people have Parkinson's, Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease in the UK? |
|
Definition
P: 120,000
H: 3,000
A: 700,000 |
|
|
Term
| When is the onset of Parkinson's, Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease? |
|
Definition
P: all ages (1:200 over 70)
H: middle life
A: old age (>60) |
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Term
|
Definition
An acquired, persistent intellectual impairment involing at least 3 of the following domains;
Language
Memory
Visuospatial skills
Emotion/personality
Cognitive/executive functions |
|
|
Term
| Which diseases are associated with dementia? |
|
Definition
| Mainly Alzheimers but also Parkinson's and Huntington's. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the pathology of Alzheimer's |
|
Definition
Senile plaques.
Neurofibrillary tangles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extracellular deposits of beta amyloid (a neurotoxic peptide) in the grey matter of the brain. |
|
|
Term
| What are neurofibrillary tangles? |
|
Definition
| aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins: proteins that stabilise microtubules. Upon becoming hyperphosphorylated, these tau proteins become defective and no longer stabilise the microtubules adequately. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the pathology of Parkinson's disease |
|
Definition
- These are spherical, eosinophilic (staining of certain
tissues, cells, or organelles after they have been washed with eosin, a dye) bodies that contain cellular proteins. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the pathology of progressive supra nuclear palsy |
|
Definition
| subcortical neurofibrillary tangles |
|
|
Term
| Explain the pathology of cortical basal ganglionic degeneration |
|
Definition
| inclusive bodies in sub cortex and cortical areas |
|
|
Term
| Explain the pathology of Huntington's disease |
|
Definition
genetic disorder so can be readily diagnose
selective loss of neurone from the striatum
gliosis in the areas where neurones are lost |
|
|
Term
| Explain the pathology of Pick's disease |
|
Definition
selected atrophy of the temporal lobe
occasionally inclusion bodies (Pick bodies) seen. |
|
|
Term
| Who does Parkinson's disease affect? |
|
Definition
- the older you are the more likely you are to have it
- however does it affect the young |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean that Parkinson's is akinetic? |
|
Definition
loss of movement
increased muscle tone (causes rigidity) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the progression of Parkinson's disease |
|
Definition
- slow at first (mild inconvenience)
- becomes more intrusive
- remission rare but can be triggered by emotion, fear and excitement
- 10-15 years but can live for decades longer |
|
|
Term
| How do people with Parkinson's die? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Parkinson's disease? (4) |
|
Definition
1) tremor 4-7Hz
2) rigidity
3) speech is slurred, monotone, dribbles and dysphagia comes later
4) Akinesia
5) Postural changes |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathology of Parkinson's disease |
|
Definition
1. loss of neuro-melanin neurones in substantial nigra
2. sometimes see Lewy bodies
3. dopaminergic neurones are affected
4. loss of nigro-striatal excitatory and inhibitory pathways
5. basically the degeneration of the midbrain nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spherical, intracellular inclusive bodies that are stained well by eosin and contain lots of cellular proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most cases are idiopathic
there are some associated disorders that show Parkinson-ike symptoms |
|
|
Term
| What are the associated disorders? |
|
Definition
Drug-induced (iatrogenic)
MPTP-induced
Post-encephalitic |
|
|
Term
| How are pathways affected in Parkinson's disease? |
|
Definition
| degeneration of the projections from the substantia nigra to the striatum (caudate nucleus, part of the putamen and part of the globes palladus) |
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