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| Founder and director of the Public Opinion Research Center in Allensbach, Germany, and creator of the spiral of silence theory |
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| Attitudes one can express in public without running the danger of isolating oneself; a tangible force the keeps people in line. |
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| The increasing pressure that people feel to conceal their views when they believe they are in the minority. |
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| A sixth sense that tallies up information about what society in general is thinking and feeling. |
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| A Swarthmore College psychologist who demonstrated that most people will conform to group opinion to avoid isolation. |
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| A Yale University psychologist who demonstrated cross-cultural support for Asch's work |
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| People's mistaken idea that everyone thinks like they do as a result of disproportionate mix of viewpoints presented by the media compared to their relative strength in society |
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| A question about conversation with a stranger while traveling used to determine whether people are willing to speak out in support of their viewpoint. |
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| People who have already been rejected for the beliefs and have nothing to lose by speaking out. |
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| Intellectuals, artists, and reformers in the isolated minority but who speak out because they are convinced they are ahead of the times. |
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| A French social psychologist who does not believe that Noelle-Neumann adequately considers the pervasive impact of committed deviants on public opinion. |
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| A University of Chicago sociologist who regards the spiral of silence as the most original, comprehensive, and useful theory of public opinion ever proposed. |
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| Cornell University communication professor who has tested the spiral of silence in relation to people’s opinions toward biotechnology and their willingness to speak out on the topic in a real focus group. Correcting for some previous criticisms of the spiral of silence, Scheufele’s team found contemporary support for the theory. |
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