Shared Flashcard Set

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PSYC 2600 Lecture 3, 4, & 5
N/A
36
Psychology
Not Applicable
09/26/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
causal hypothesis
Definition
theories about the causes of one's own feelings and behaviors
eg. absence makes the heart grow fonder
Term
manipulation of IV
Definition
in order to change the outcome and predict causality with DV
Term
random assignment to conditions
Definition
random assignment of Ps in order to assure generalization of the conclusion = Ok.
Term
measurement of DV
Definition
Measure against IV to determine strength of causality
Term
empirical realization/ operationalization
Definition
translating the conceptual or abstract variables
contained in your hypothesis to real, measurable
construct

Measuring an intangible concept by using physical, measurable standards (ie. measuring anger through facial expression, loudness and pitch of voice, etc.)
Term
operational variable
Definition
the way you manipulate the IV and measure the DV (e.g., $ donated, anagrams remembered)
Term
conceptual variable
Definition
abstract (eg. help, memory)
Term
Independent variable
Definition
variable manipulated
Term
dependent variable
Definition
variable that changes due to manipulations in the IV
Term
experimenter bias
Definition
experimenter looks for results that he wants instead of evaluating the whole scenario
Term
internal validity
Definition
extent to which our research allows us to make statements about the causal relation between 2 variables
Term
confound
Definition
a variable that accidentally / without experimenter's knowledge manipulates the results of the experiment
Term
external validity
Definition
The degree to which the relationships
identified in a study can be generalized to:
– other people (what if sample is college students?)
– other settings (what if experiment was in a lab?)
– other ways of measuring or manipulating the IV
and DV
Term
replication
Definition
repeating an experiment to see if you get same results (aka. repeating to confirm validity of experiment)
Term
ethics - deception
Definition
Social psychological research
sometimes requires elaborate
subterfuge to disguise the true
purpose of a study and insure an
unbiased, ―natural response.
Term
ethics - IRB
Definition
Institutional Review Board
Term
ethics - informed consent
Definition
Experimenters must attain Ps valid consent before initiating any experimentation.
Term
ethics - debriefing
Definition
Ps must be debriefed after experiment
Term
central traits
Definition
Traits that are highly associated with many other traits and, therefore, imply the presence of many other traits (eg. warm/cold --> extrovert)
Term
schemas - stereotypes
Definition
Organized set of knowledge about a
concept or stimulus
Term
schemas - implicit personality theories
Definition
Term
schemas - scripts
Definition
Term
confirmation bias - primacy effect
Definition
Information that is encountered 1st has
a greater impact on impressions than
information that is encountered later
Term
confirmation bias - perserverance effect
Definition
Tendency to maintain one’s beliefs
even after they have been discredited
Term
confirmation bias - confirmatory hypothesis - testing
Definition
Tendency to selectively seek information
that confirms one’s pre-existing beliefs
Term
confirmation bias - self fulfilling prophecy
Definition
Process by which people’s expectations
about a person eventually lead that
person to behave in ways that confirm
those expectations
Term
automatic thinking
Definition
Without awareness – reactions that occur
beyond our conscious knowledge of them
• Efficient – reactions that don’t require
much motivation or capacity
• Unintentional – reactions that occur
without our intending them to occur
• Uncontrollable – reactions that are difficult
to prevent
Term
automatic behavior
Definition
Term
priming
Definition
The process by which recent experiences
increase the accessibility of a schema
Term
cognitive heuristics - anchor & adjust
Definition
People use a number or value as a starting
point (―anchor) and then ―adjust
insufficiently from this anchor
Problem: anchor can be an entirely arbitrary value & people usually don't adjust properly
Term
cognitive heuristics - avaliability
Definition
People base a judgment on the ease with
which they can bring something to mind
Problem: atypical events are sometimes
easier to bring to mind
Term
cognitive heuristics - representativeness
Definition
People classify something according to how
similar it is to a prototypical case
Problem: people ignore base rate
information in favor of the representativeness heuristic
Term
controlled thinking
Definition
Characteristics are the opposite of
automatic thinking:
– Conscious, Effortful, Intentional, Controllable
Term
counterfactual thinking
Definition
Term
thought suppression - monitoring process
Definition
Term
thought suppression - operating process
Definition
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