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250 Exam 1
Framework and Theories of Development
35
Psychology
Not Applicable
01/23/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
development
Definition
a process of age-related changes throughout the lifespan
Term
Six Assumptions of the Lifespan Perspective
Definition

development is: 

1. lifelong

2. multidimensional

3. multidirectional (growth and decline)

4. plastic (open to change)

5. involves growth and maintenance

6. influences on development (normative, historical, nonnormative)

Term
normative influences
Definition
similar for individuals in a particular age group
Term

historical influences

Definition
similar for individuals in a certain generation at a formative time in their lives
Term
nonnormative influences
Definition

unusual occurences

major impact but not applicable to many people

(i.e.- bill clinton meeting JFK)

Term
organismic theories
Definition

change is stimulated from within

active

Term
mechanistic theories
Definition

change stimulated by the environment

passive

Term
continuous development
Definition
gradually adding on more
Term
discontinuous development
Definition

stages

qualitative changes

Term
Freud's theory of psychosexual development
Definition

-relationship between the id, ego, and superego determine an individual's personality

-development occurs in stages, resolving psychosexual conflicts

Term
Erikson's psychosocial theory
Definition

-lifespan, people continue to develop beyond childhood

-personality development is a psychosocial process

-eight stages: psychosocial crisis/challenge

-more emphasis on ego than id

Term
Traditional Behaviorism
Definition

(Watson)

classical conditioning

learn to respond to conditioned stimulus

Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition

(Skinner)

focuses on consequences of behavior

reinforcement increases likelihood

punishmend decreases likelihood

Term
Cognitive Behaviorism/Social Learning Theory
Definition

(Bandura)

observational learning (imitation)

humans as cognitive beings

self-efficacy

Term
Cognitive Development Theory
Definition

(Piaget)

child is an active, naive scientist

two major processes of change: accomodation and assimilation

learning in stages

Term
assimilation
Definition
incorporate new info into existing knowledge systems
Term
accomodation
Definition
children change existing knowledge systems to accomodate new info
Term
information processing
Definition

not stage-like

gradual accumulation of knowledge

 

Term
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
Definition

focuses on how culture is transmitted

cognitive development as a socially mediated process

Term

Development Neuroscience Perspective

Definition

thoughts and behaviors arise from biology (genes, brain function, hormones)

development is the result of interactions between genes, biology, and the environment

Term
gerontology
Definition
study of the aging process
Term
contexts of development
Definition
fundamental markers that shape our development
Term
cohort
Definition
age group we travel through life with
Term
maximum lifespan
Definition

biological limit of life

105 years

Term
Socioeconomic Status
Definition
refers to education and income
Term
developed world
Definition

most affluent countries

(US, canada, australia, japan, ect)

Term
developing world
Definition

more impoverished countries

(africa, haiti, afghanistan, ect)

Term
collectivist cultures
Definition

prize social harmony

obedience

close family

Term
individualistic cultures
Definition

prize independence

competition

personal success

Term
attachment theory
Definition

(Bowlby)

closely connected to a caregiver/significant other

Term
evoactive forces
Definition

genetic tendencies provoke certain responses

 

Term
biodirectional forces
Definition
people affect one another
Term
active forces
Definition
genetic tendencies cause us to choose specific environments
Term

cross-sectional study

Definition
different age groups at the same time
Term
longitudinal study
Definition
one age group over many years
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