Term
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Definition
| Monocytes and lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils |
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Term
| Granule types in Granulocytes |
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Definition
Contain two types of granules
1. Granules specific to cell type
2. Azurophilic granules: specialized lysosomes that stain dark blu |
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Term
| Common granulocyte characteristics |
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Definition
1. Terminally differentiated once they have left bone marrow.
2. No new protein synthesis
3. Scarce ER, few mitochondria
4. Multi-lobed nuclei
5. 12-15 microns (2x as large as RBCs)
6. Cycle in blood for 1-6 hours, stay in connective tissue for 5-7 days, then apoptize. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in blood smear, has H&E and azure |
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Term
| Neutrophil (PMN, Poly, Segs) properties |
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Definition
Kill bacteria
Makes up 60-70% of leukocytes in buffy layer
Typical nuclei has 3 lobes, stain basophilic due to DNA and RNA
In females, 3% of nuclei have small drumstick appendage=Barr body. Way of detecting gender in blood sample.
Must travel to hypoxic or necrotic tissues, so employ anaerobic metabolism of glycogen and hexose monophosphate shunt.
Short lived, circulate in blood for hours and reside in tissues from 1-4 days. |
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Term
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Definition
Common in all granulocytes
Contains
Myleoperoxidase (most important), acid collegenase, phosphatase, lysozyme, defensin, etc. |
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Term
| Neutrophil specific granules |
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Definition
1. Lysozyme (punches hole in bacterial membrane)
2. Lactoferrin
3. Alkaline phosphatase
4. Collagenase |
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Term
| Steps in neutrophil death of bacteria |
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Definition
1. Neutrophil activated by IgG coated bacteria.
2. Neutrophil internalizes bacteria in a vacuole called a phagosome.
3. Phagosome proton pump lowers pH to 4.8, optimal pH for lysosomal enzymes.
4. Specific and azurophilic granules fuse with phagosome and release contents. |
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Term
| Killing power of neutrophils depend on |
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Definition
1. Phagosome proton pump
2. Lysozyme (cleaves peptidoglycan in gram positive cell wall of bacteria)
3. Lactoferrin (binds Fe, crucial to bacteria)
4. Respiratory burst |
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Term
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Definition
Hydrogen peroxide production and superoxide formation.
Myeloperoxidase, oxygen burst oxidase, and halide ions produce strong oxidizing agents that inactivate bacterial proteins. Part of neutrophil response.
NADPH oxidase deficiency leads to a defective respiratory burst=more prone to infections. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Medullary formation compartment (bone marrow)
2. Medullary storage compartment
3. Circulating compartment
4. Marginating compartment |
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Term
| Neutrophil maturation process |
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Definition
Stem cell-> myeloblast-> Promyelocyte-> Myelocyte-> metamyelocyte-> band cell-> mature granulocyte
Happens in medullary formation compartment (bone marrow). |
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Term
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Definition
| Where neutrophils have begun process of migrating through cell wall and entering site of infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the presence of massive systemic infection, neutrophils increase to >70% of leukocytes in blood. This triggers a large release into the circulating compartment. Neutrophils are then released from the bone marrow at an earlier stage of development (band cell stage). Left shift=increased number of band cells.Cell nuclei are C-shaped. |
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Term
| Sequence of neutrophil movement from circulation to tissue |
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Definition
Happens in the marginating compartment.
1. Release of cytokines cause loosening of intercellular junctions of endothelial cells.
2. Also trigger P selectin receptor formation on endothelial cell.
3. Neutrophils have ligands to P selectin, bind.
4. Integrins allow leukocytes to leap through endothelial cell to site of infection (diapedesis).
5. Neutrophils attracted to bacteria through chemotaxis, can sense secreted bacterial factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of leaping through endothelial cells to site of infection |
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Term
| Eosinophil characteristics |
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Definition
1. Make up 2-4% of leukocytes
2. Bi lobed nucleus
3. Have red granules made of major basic protein, makes up 50% of granule.In TEM, the vesicles have a distinctive dark stripe down center caused by the dense crystal core of major basic protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Component of eosinophil granules. Arginine rich |
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Term
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Definition
1. Mainly kills parasites through exocytosis of lysosomal enzymes (such as major basic proteins).
2. Modulate allergic response by counteracting basophil secretions (histamin and heparin). |
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Term
| Eosinophil specific granules |
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Definition
Acid Phosphatase
Arylsulfatase
B-glucuronidase
Cathepsin
Phospholipase
RNAse
Eosiniphilic Peroxidase
Major Basic Protein (most important) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Nuclei have 2 lobes close together like bull testicles.
2. Make up less than 1% of leukocytes
3. Azurophilic granules stain metachromatically due to heparin and sulfated GAGs.
4. Responsible for inflammatory response.
5. Can barely see nuclei due to intense basophilia.
6. Have giant granules in TEM, same size as organelles. |
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Term
| Specific basophil granules |
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Definition
1. Heparin
2. Histamine
3. Peroxidase
4. Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor (recruits eosinophils to sites to mediate allergic response) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Have IgE receptors on surface
2. Upon binding to allergen, granules will release components and trigger a localized allergic response to try to dispel the allergen (sneezing, etc.)
3. Anaphylactic shock: Second exposure to antigen may trigger system wide degranulization of basophils to cause massive dilation and drop in BP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Xolair binds to constant region of IgE antibody to prevent it from integrating into the membrane of a basophil or mast cell. |
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Term
| # of Leukocytes in 1 microliter of blood |
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Definition
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Term
| # of neutrophils in 1 microliter of blood |
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Definition
5000
If number is under 1000, then patient is at risk of sepsis (neutrophil fever). |
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Term
| # of eosinophils in 1 microliter of blood |
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Definition
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Term
| # of basophils in 1 microliter of blood |
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Definition
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Term
| % neutrophils in 1 microliter of blood |
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Definition
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Term
| % basophils in 1 microliter of blood |
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Definition
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Term
| % eosinphils in 1 microliter of blood |
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Definition
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