Term
| EDC also known as EDD what EDC and EDD stand for? |
|
Definition
| Estimated date of confinement and Expected date of delivery |
|
|
Term
| What is the Nagele's rule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is consider posterm or postdate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to recognize normal fetal anatomy? |
|
Definition
| To know normal from an abnormal |
|
|
Term
| The pregnancy divided into three 13 week segments called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why should you develop an organized & systematic approach? |
|
Definition
| to assess the fetus, placenta, & amniotic fluid |
|
|
Term
| to find the fetal position if scan from sag midline of cx to fundus is to determine of what relationship? |
|
Definition
| Fetal position in relation to mother |
|
|
Term
| How do you determine fetal position in relation to mother? |
|
Definition
| scan sag midline from cx to fundus |
|
|
Term
| What do we should to determine to find fetal anatomy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is called with fetal part closest to CX? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the vertex of fetal presentation? |
|
Definition
| Cephalic/ fetal head near maternal CX; scan toward fundus; the body may lie oblique or long |
|
|
Term
| What is the breech of fetal presentation? |
|
Definition
The lower extremities or lower body found in the LUS (lower uterine segment) with head in the fundus;
|
|
|
Term
| Types of breech presentation include___ |
|
Definition
| Complete-incomplete (footling)-frank |
|
|
Term
| What is the transverse of fetal presentation? |
|
Definition
| Transverse cross-section of fetal head or body when scanning sagittal |
|
|
Term
| Situs of fetal to determine the ___ |
|
Definition
| Right and left of fetus to check for normal position of fetal organs |
|
|
Term
| Situs of fetal is also for verify of what? |
|
Definition
| Anatomic landmarks are on the proper side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| At what level of transvere axial scan plan, the BPD more likely to obtain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to do the measurement of BPD? |
|
Definition
| From outer edge of cranium nearest to transducer to the inner edge of cranium farthest from transducer |
|
|
Term
| From outer edge of cranium nearest to transducer to the inner edge of cranium farthest from transducer is ____ |
|
Definition
| Leading edge to leading adge |
|
|
Term
| Do not include soft tissue on the outer edge of this organ is the measurement of __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the OFD stand for? |
|
Definition
| Occipital frontal diameter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Use the same transaxial image of BPD to measure along long axis of fetal head from Occipital to frontal bone
Caliper at outeredge of calvaria to outer edge of calvaria |
|
|
Term
| How to calculate the corrected BPD? |
|
Definition
| square root of [(BPD x OFD)/1.265] |
|
|
Term
| What is the important thing to know when measure the head? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Composed of 2 lateral hemispheres with "dumbbell shaped" this is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cerebellum,vermis, CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), Ventricles (4th, 3rd, 2 lateral), Choroid plexus, Cisterna Magna, |
|
|
Term
| To check for cranial contour there is include: |
|
Definition
| Lateral vent, Choroid plexus, Falx cerebri, Cerebellum, Thalamus, CSP, Cisterna magna, |
|
|
Term
| Fills central spinal cord, ventricles of brain and subarachnoid space; and protective cushion regulating pressure within spaces this is___ |
|
Definition
| CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) |
|
|
Term
| This help manufacture or distribute CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) this is___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ventricles total what are they? |
|
Definition
| 4-2 lateral vents, one in each cerebral hemisphere, 1 third ventricle and 1 fourth ventricle |
|
|
Term
| One on each side of cerebral hemisphere what is this ventricle name? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This have dumbbell shaped structure in posterior with homogeneous and symmetric what is this? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| This ventricle in ML central in thalamus what is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This ventricle is ML and more in posterior this is |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| This found in lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles what is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the largest space where CSF pools and located at base of cerebellum in posterior location in skull what is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With ultrasound this is echogenic line dividing homogeneous cerebellum into right and left halves what is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With ultrasound this cavity appears as echo free space and filled with choroid plexus what is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is seen as echogenic structures within the lateral ventricles what is this? |
|
Definition
| Sonography of choroid plexus |
|
|
Term
| This show with diamond shaped in center of axial section taken thru temporal lobe and homogeneous what is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is ML structure containing of 2 small echogenic lines separated by CSF and parallel to falx what is this? |
|
Definition
| Sonography of CSP (cavum septum pellucidum) |
|
|
Term
| This appears anechoic posteroinferior to cerebellum what is this? |
|
Definition
| Sonography of cisterna magna |
|
|
Term
| What should document for fetal Heart in anatomy scan? |
|
Definition
| 4 chambers; check for position and symmetry; and fetal heart rate |
|
|
Term
| How to identify the fetal kidneys? |
|
Definition
| On either side of spine- renal pelvis may contain small amount of fluid |
|
|
Term
| How is the bladder look like? |
|
Definition
| ML, round, fluid filled structure |
|
|
Term
| A hypoechoic line spearating lungs from abdomen what is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This structure locate in bladder and move cephalad, this is evaluated for anterior abdominal wall defects what is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This confirm of 1 vein, 2 arteries, transverse look like a "mikey mouse" what is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Verify 2 arms/hands and 2 legs/feet |
|
|
Term
| What are the structures of fetal anatomy scan nclude? |
|
Definition
| Cranium, Heart; kidneys; bladder; stomach;diaphargm; spine; umbilical cord insert; 3vc; extremities; and face |
|
|
Term
| This is anechoic structure on the left side of abdomen what is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Check for orbits; nasal bones this is in the view of___ |
|
Definition
| Coronal frontal facial view |
|
|
Term
| Check for nostrils (nares) and nasal septum, lips this scan the image of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are images need to see in fetal face? |
|
Definition
| Facial profile; coronal frontal facial view; and nose/lips |
|
|
Term
| How to measure the head circumference? |
|
Definition
| The length outer perimeter of cranium use the same transaxial image as for BPD and measure with electronic ellipse or outer to outer BPD and OFD |
|
|
Term
| What is the formular to calculate HC? |
|
Definition
HC=(D1 of BPD + D2 of OFD) x 1.57
|
|
|
Term
| How many way to measure the head? |
|
Definition
| 4- BPD, OFD and BPD--> corrected BPD, HC and CI (cephalic index) |
|
|
Term
| How many way to calculate HC? |
|
Definition
| 2-electronic ellipse and outer to outer of BPD and OFD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is leading edge to leading edge mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is CI determination of? |
|
Definition
| Normal head shaped or not |
|
|
Term
| If we have BPD measurement, to find the corrected BPD what do we need to do? |
|
Definition
| Find OFD then use square root the value of BPDxOFD/1.265 |
|
|
Term
| Place caliper at outer edge of calvaria to outer edge of calvaria from occipital to frontal bone to find what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What scan plane use to find BPD, OFD, and HC?
|
|
Definition
| Transaxial section at level of thalamus, CSP and Falx |
|
|
Term
| It is more difficult to measure BPD in 3rd tri with/because head____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is this level if CI = 75-85% range |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If CI >85% what is this level of head called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If CI <75% what is this level of head called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the head shape have shortened transverse (BPD) and elongated AP plane (OFD) called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the head shape have elongated transverse (BPD) and shortened AP plane (OFD) called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The length of outer perimeter of abdomen measured on transverse scan at level of____ |
|
Definition
| Stomach; intrahepatic portion of umbilical vein (including skin); spine |
|
|
Term
| Which is consider the least accurate of measurements? |
|
Definition
| AC ( abdominal circuference) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consider more useful as growth parameter than to predict GA, but this is useful to detect fetal growth disturbances |
|
|
Term
| Which way is used to measure AC? |
|
Definition
| Ellipse or 2 sets of caliper (trans -TAD and AP- APD) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which measurement is about as accurate as BPD in determination of GA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When to do a scan of FL what do you need to be sure these are stimultaneously in plane? |
|
Definition
| Femoral head or greater trochanter and femoral condyle |
|
|
Term
| How to do a measurement of FL? |
|
Definition
| Place calipers at junction of bone with cartilage to measure diaphysis (the calcified portion) and don't include the relection of epiphysis |
|
|
Term
| With humerus length measurement what do we need to measure? |
|
Definition
| The humerus shaft -diaphysis |
|
|
Term
| What are the other bones measurement of upper and lower extremities ? |
|
Definition
| Radius length, Ulna length, Tibia length, Fibula length |
|
|
Term
| This bone is medial and thicker than the lateral bone of lower extremity what is this bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This bone is lateral and more thinner than the medial bone what is this bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This bone in upper extremities penetrates deeper into elbow and larger and anatomically in medial position what is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If epiphysis is seen in 33 wk and high amplitude echo adjacent to femur this is portion of ___ |
|
Definition
| Distal femoral epiphysis - DFE |
|
|
Term
| If the epiphysis is seen at 35 wk with high amplitude echo adjacent to tibia what is this part? |
|
Definition
| Proximal tibial epiphysis - PTE |
|
|
Term
| If the epiphysis is seen at 38 wk what is this part? |
|
Definition
| The proximal humeral epiphysis- PHE |
|
|
Term
| Which identification can help to date but don't measure either present or not what is this structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which way use to measure orbits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inner orbital distance- medial border of orbit to opposite medial border |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Outer orbital distance- Lateral border of 1 orbit to opposite lateral wall |
|
|
Term
| What are the cranial measurement include? |
|
Definition
| Cerebellum, Cisterna Magna, Nuchal fold, Lateral ventricles |
|
|
Term
| How to scan and measure the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| From level of BPD angle back into posterior fossa then measure end to end |
|
|
Term
| How to scan and measure the cisterna magna? |
|
Definition
| Angle slightly more inferior from cerebellum level, measure from vermis to inner occipital bone |
|
|
Term
| What measure of Cisterna Magna is consider abnormal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the same level of Cisterna Magna what other measurement should be done here? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to measure nuchal fold? |
|
Definition
| From occipital bone to the edge of skin |
|
|
Term
| Nuchal fold consider abnormal at 15-21 wk if measurement is__ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where and how to measure the lateral ventricle? |
|
Definition
| At atrium, if wall of ventricle parallel using ventricle more distal to transducer |
|
|
Term
| What measuremen of lateral ventricles is considered abnormal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To determination of GA what parameters are used? |
|
Definition
| Estimated may improve if there are 2 or more parameter are used |
|
|
Term
| Is any single parameter is perfect to predict GA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parameters are used to calculate fetal weight? |
|
Definition
| numerous formulas are used, most reliable formulas incorporate all parameters of BPD, HC, AC, and FL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
to detecct fetal compromise
for normal is conservative care and for abnormal is use as timely delivery of neonate in best condition |
|
|
Term
| What is Hypertellerism mean? |
|
Definition
| To wildely space between orbits (eyes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eyes are too close each other |
|
|
Term
| What is the type of US to check and see fetal well-being? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the goal of pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the fetus measures smaller than dates is ____ and the weight is _____for GA |
|
Definition
SGA (small for gestational age),
<10% |
|
|
Term
| If the fetus measures larger than dates this is _____and weight is ___for GA |
|
Definition
| large for GA (diabetic fetus) and >90% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A birth weight of 4000 g or greater |
|
|
Term
| What is important for delivery purposes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the common result of macrosomia? |
|
Definition
| Poorly controlled maternal diabetes mellitus, hyperinsulinemia promotes accelerated somatic/body growth |
|
|
Term
| How many minutes BPP can be ranged? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the risk factor of macrosomia? |
|
Definition
| Multiparous, AMA (advance of maternal age), obesity, diabetes, excessive pregnancy weight gain, hx of LGA fetus and postdate pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| With macrosomia the fetus have increase incidence of what? |
|
Definition
| Shoulder injuries, dystocia, fractures, and facial & brachial plexus palsies |
|
|
Term
| Which assessment is the useful measurement of fetal weight? |
|
Definition
| AC (abdomen circumference) |
|
|
Term
| Why AC is useful for assessment of fetal weight? |
|
Definition
| Elevated glucose levels leads to overgrowth of fetal chest/abdomen |
|
|
Term
| Macrosomia associated finding with:___ |
|
Definition
| Elevated amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios) |
|
|
Term
| IUGR is term applies for fetal growth disorder that result on basis of a weight_____ |
|
Definition
| below the 10th percentile for GA |
|
|
Term
| There are 2 classifications of IUGR ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of IUGR? |
|
Definition
| Small for dates, maternal conditions associated with IUGR, history of SGA infant |
|
|
Term
| What is the symmetric IUGR? |
|
Definition
| All growth parameters are small, usually result of severe insult in the 1st trimester, appx 1/4 of IUGR=25%, and includes infection or congenital malformation |
|
|
Term
| US finding of symmetric IUGR are:___ |
|
Definition
Mature placenta earlier than expected
Oligohydramnios
Low BPP score
Abnormal Doppler assessments
All the measurement are greater than 2 wks below expected GA, but cerebellum may still measure appropriately |
|
|
Term
| US finding of Asymmetric IUGR are:___ |
|
Definition
HC/AC raio >=2 standard diviation (SD)
AC measuring > 2 weeks behind HC
Oligohydramnios
Advanced maturity of the placenta
Abnormal Doppler assessments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Body is disproportionately smaller than head/limbs; usually in 2nd or 3rd trimester;
Usually results from placental insulfficiency (materna diabetes, chronic hypertension, cardiac disease, abruption placenta, smoking, multiple pregnancies, poor weight gain |
|
|
Term
| This is appx about 75% or 3/4 of all what is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Due to protect the brain and ensure of brain sparing the asymmetry is between the head size and the abdominal size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Umbilical cord, membranes, lungs, skin, and kidneys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decrease amount of amniotic fluid |
|
|
Term
| Decreased amount of amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios) is associated with___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Divide the uterine cavity into 4 quadrants and measure largest vertical pocket in each quadrant with no umbilical cord or limbs is measurement/evaluation of __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the total of all 4 quadrants with a measurement of 5-22cm is consider as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With single pocket evaluation method normal is__ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With single pocket evaluation method if <2cm is __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With single pocket evaluation method if >8cm is__ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The subjective way to measure for experienced sonographer is __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Placetal grade from___ is used to determine___ |
|
Definition
| 0-3 ; placental maturation |
|
|
Term
| What is grade 3 of placenta in the 2nd and 3rd trimester indication of?? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Biophysical Profile is from__ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are 5 parameters used for BPP is__ with 10 max score - |
|
Definition
| Fetal heart rate and 4 US variables |
|
|
Term
| List the BPP parameters used:- |
|
Definition
cadiac non stress test (NST)
Observation of fetal breathing movements
Gross fetal body movements
Fetal tone
Amniotic fluid volume (AFV) |
|
|
Term
| What parameter some other lab omit and max score is 8 |
|
Definition
| NST Cardiac non stress test |
|
|
Term
How long is the fetus has a max time limit to perform these tasks?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How the score affect performance? |
|
Definition
| Score of "2" for performance or a "0" for no performance |
|
|
Term
| For fetal breathing what need to observe? |
|
Definition
simultaneous inward movement of chest wall with outward movement of anterior abdominal wall during the inspiration
Watch for the diaphragm
One episode of 30 sec during 30min =2 point
Absent no point are given=0
Sleep-wake cycle vary with the fetal central nervous system |
|
|
Term
| How many extremity or trunk movements must be observed within 30 minutes to score as 2 points? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fetal tone presence of at least 1 episode of ___ |
|
Definition
| extension and immediate return to flexion of an extremity or the spine |
|
|
Term
| What is the abnormal of fetal tone is noted? |
|
Definition
| Partial extension or flexion of an extremity without quick return and would be score 0 points |
|
|
Term
| Example of fetal tone are__ |
|
Definition
| One active extension and flexion of an open and closed hand |
|
|
Term
| How to score the amniotic fluid volume in BPP exam? |
|
Definition
At least 1 amniotic fluid pocket measuring with at least 2 cm or more in vertical axis
AFI may be used and score of 2 point if >5cm |
|
|
Term
| Non-stress test (NST) score of 2 if___ |
|
Definition
Two-2 fetal heart rate acceleration of 15 beats per min or more
Acceleration lasting at least 15 seconds
This associated with fetal movements over 30 mins |
|
|
Term
| Non-stress test (NST) score of 0 if___ |
|
Definition
| 2 fetal heart rate accelerate with gross fetal movement not seen in 30 min |
|
|
Term
| An abnormal after 30 wk of umbilical artery Doppler with systolic and diastolic ratio of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the case associated with poor outcomes the Doppler of umbilical artery shows |
|
Definition
| Elevated resistance and causing absent or reverse end diastolic flow velocity waveform |
|
|
Term
| Normal BPP variables with __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abnormal BPP variables with __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ratio Doppler of UA is higher if measure in ___ |
|
Definition
| place close to the fetal cord insertion |
|
|
Term
| What % of infants weight >90% for GA in general population? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % are considered macrosomia in general population? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of infants is LGA occur in diabetics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of infants is macrosomia occur in diabetics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small fetuses with no maternal pathology and with normal of UA and MCA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small for GA, but underlying maternal pathology |
|
|
Term
| Proportionately reduced in size is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proportionately small in relation to head and limbs is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With Doppler there is reverse or absent diastolic flow indicate of___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 vessels are helpful tools to identify small fetuses at risk for an adverse outcome is___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which segment is the last develop reversed flow? |
|
Definition
| Closer to placental insertion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| free-floating umbilical cord |
|
|
Term
| The most common cause of fetal death is |
|
Definition
| Fetal hypoxemia or acidemia |
|
|
Term
| Which examination is highly accurate for predicting the presence of significant fetal hypoxemia or acidemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
