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| Categorized oceania into polynesia, micronesia and melanesia. |
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| Not unified culturally or linguistically. "Black Islands." New Guinea and Soloman Islands. |
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| Unified culturally and linguistically. |
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| More Diverse than a single label suggests. "Small Islands." |
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| Not coherent. diverse on island of New Guinea and in scattered locations throughout oceania. |
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| Coherent. Spoken in micro and poly as well as coastal areas of new guinea. |
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| Micronesia and Polynesia. |
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| Micronesia and Polynesia. |
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| Tongan ceremony that is an illustration of chiefly hierarchies. |
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| Chiefs are installed in the Kava circle of the main chief. Signifies subordination and hierarchy. |
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| The myth of the origin of Kava |
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| reps kava 'onua and her sacrifice of her daughters life. A kava plant grew from her dead body. |
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| Movement of objects between independent, equal sides in an effort to gain peace between rivals. |
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| New Guinea and New Zealand were once connected to Australia. |
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| Formed at plated boundaries in SW Pacific. Explosive and release tons of ash. |
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| formed when high islands subside and surrounding coral remains at sea level. dead coral becomes limestone. center of Atoll = Lagoon. |
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| Women=left. Men=right. highest rank is closest to middle. performed on kings bday and/or to celebrate historical events. Lower Body Movements. |
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| Highest ranking men and women. |
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1.) Missionaries discouraged.
2.) Went underground. |
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| "Merrie Monarch." Revived Hula. |
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| Only palace on US soil. built in 1882 |
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Polynesia=Womens status can be high.
Melanesia=Womens status is low.
Micronesia=low but not super low. |
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| Japanese used as headquarters. US attacked in 1944. largest collection of intact WWII wrecks anywhere. |
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| Sambia of Papua New Guinea |
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| Men are thought to be superior to women. Women can pollute men. Men require semen for maturity. Male to male blowies. and Anal sex. |
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| 1.)Boy taken from mother. 2.)boy gets beat and gives blowies to older men. 3.)becomes semen donor. 4.)gives semen to women. 5.)Married. |
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| Tahiti and Hawaiian transgender term. |
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One week after easter.
3 competitions: Kahiko, auana and Miss Aloha. |
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| Children of the Lei. First male hula halau. Formed in 1975. |
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| Halau Na Kamalei founder. |
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| goddess of fire... Home on big island. give leis to her for being on her land. |
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| traveled from Tahiti to New Zealand. |
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| purpose was to test the traditional vessels for sea travel and used traditional navigation skills. |
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| Pacific Voyaging Society built canoe using the drawings by Cook and others. |
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| argued that ancient voyagers island movement was accidental. proved wrong by Pacific Voyaging Society. |
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| Who typically teaches the Pelu? |
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| Father or Mothers Brother. |
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| Polynesia, Micronesia, Melanesia |
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| Raised Atolls and Makatea Limestone Cliffs |
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| Cook Islands, typically include reef, islets, central lagoon - rim uplifted up to 60' common in southern cook. |
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| from Satawal in Eastern Yap - navigator of hokule'a. |
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| Involves movement of objects (exchange of pigs, goods) between independent equal sides in an effort to gain peace between rivals. |
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| Since 1970's hawaiians have attempted to recover what was lost in 19th and 20th centuries. Revival of Hawaiian language, maritime knowledge, ritual, and hula. |
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| Kumu hula for Halau na Kamalei. |
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| "In the manner of women." |
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| Tongan equivalent of Fa'afafine. |
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| Alliance of Small Island States. Banded together at UN as political bloc. |
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| Small Island Developing States. |
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| Wealthy, developed countries that were required under Kyoto protocol to reduce emissions, 8% below 1990 levels typically. US refused to ratify the protocol. (US, Canada, Australia, EU, former Soviet Republic, Asia) 51% of emissions, 75% of GDP 19% of people. |
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| Migrating to New Zealand to escape environmental disaster. Upon returning home from New Zealand, some people like the "old" life, some miss the luxuries of the westernized world. Atolls are at serious risk because of climate change. |
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| Individuals of couples who made foothold overseas began bringing over family members and providing them with resources.) |
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| Cash and goods sent from overseas to the homeland. |
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| Primary destination of Tongans |
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| outer to main islands, then (40%) to New Zealand, (20%) to Australia and (40%) to United States. |
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| Differences between those born in Tonga and those born overseas? |
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| Younger generation still generally strong but have less loyalty - remittances will likely decrease over time. |
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| Impacts of remittances on Tongans |
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| Dependent as major source of revenue, imports 6x more than exports, communal remittances, now make craft items for tourists. |
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| Internal Migration of Tongans |
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| from the outer islands to the capitol island of Tongatapu. As of 2004, 70% of Tongans lived in Tongatapu and 18% of Tongans lived in the capitol city of Nuku'alofa. |
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| Gave the king the power of naming and removing at will prime ministers and cabinet ministers and cabinet ministers and also has the power to veto any legislation that came through. |
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| The Tongan Human Rights and Democracy Movement |
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| 'Ava Ceremony for installation of Matai |
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| Chiefly title - Samoa (not a classical chiefdom - matai are essentially elected according to usefulness and character.) Each matai leads an 'ainga - extended family. When installed they present gifts to other chiefs. (Samoa) |
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1.)Tulafale - Tongan equivalent is the Matapule or "talking chief." (Samoa)
2.) Ali'i - Chief |
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| Lavish gifts that matai are expected to give at weddings, funerals and their own chiefly installation. (Samoa) |
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| Council of Village Matai (Samoa). |
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| Overseas Samoans as an ethnic minority |
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| poor, ethnically stereotyped, low paying, blue collar jobs, NZ = Rapists and Drunks. Honolulu = crime, wrestlers, dancers and football players. |
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| Impacts of remittances on the Independent state of Samoa in the 1970's |
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| Accelerated dependence on cash and increased linkage to the outside world - by 1970's most important source of income for most Samoans. |
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1.)American Samoa
2.)Independent State of Samoa |
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| Factors that prevent migrants to New Zealand from returning to Samoa. |
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| # and kinds of kin in the area, jobs, income level, education, financial commitments, and the development of an alternative Samoan lifestyle abroad. Also Intermarriage. |
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| Economic Differences between the 2 Samoas |
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Independent State of Samoa: Fragile economy based on export agriculture.
American: Relativaly affluent; American federal programs have poured money into it. |
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| Missionaries arrived in 1820 in Hawaii |
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| These foreigners brought disease that decimated the population. |
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| In the second half of the 19th century, Hawaiians lost their voting rights and King David Kalakaua of Hawaii was stripped of power at gunpoint. Powers and rights were passed to white businessmen and missionaries. Queen Lili'uokalani tried to undo effects but white conspirators decided to end Hawaiian monarchy. |
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| Self-determination and self government. freedom from external control. |
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| Major land redistribution that privatized land, which led to foreigners owning 75% of it by the end of the 19th century. |
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| Hawaiian Sovereignty Movement |
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| An organization of native Hawaiians (Ka Lahui Hawa'i) that operate under their own constitution working for some form of autonomy for native Hawaiians. |
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| Signed in 1993 by Clinton and the US Congress. Apologizes for overthrow and expresses commitment to acknowledge ramifications of overthrow. |
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| Relationship between Maui and Kaho'olawe |
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| Mother and daughter with umbilical cord in between. |
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| Protect Kaho'olawe 'Ohana (PKO) |
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| formed in 1976 to stop US bombing on the island of Kaho'olawe. |
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| The Revegetation of Kaho'olawe and the uprooting of non-native species. |
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| More than 100 acres planted, 820 to be planted to achieve Hawaiian dry land forest. |
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| Kaho'olawe Island Reserve Commission; Planned for the restoration of the island. |
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| Ceremony or festival marketing the new year as a transition from harvesting to planting. During this season, war was forbidden - instead it was a time of sports, feasting and hula. |
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| The God of peace, rain and agricultural fertility; Celebrated during the Makahiki ceremony. |
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| Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. In 1947 the UN made the Marshall Islands a strategic trust territory under the "care" of the US. |
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| US wanted to learn more about effects of nuclear weapons on Bikini Atoll. |
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| Someone wanted the bikini to be as "explosive" in popularity as explosions were on Bikini atoll. |
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| was 1000 times more powerful than bomb dropped on Hiroshima. Fallout was crucial. Rongelap Atoll was in path of fallout. |
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| Ceased in 1958, when the US, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union signed a test ban treaty. |
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| Republic of Marshall Islands. Founded in 1979 and the country became self-governing. |
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| the RMI and FSM (Federated States of Micronesia) entered into a COFA (compact of free association) with the US. This was renewed for 20 years in 2003. |
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| During the Reagan administration a tribunal was established in the Marshall islands for citizens to seek reparations. In 2000 the Marshall islands petitioned Congress for further reparations and received them. |
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