Term
| 3 Stage of brain development are |
|
Definition
| Cytogenesis-Histogenesis-Organogenesis |
|
|
Term
| In which stage congenital malformations can result when alterations occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The portion of nervous system containing brain and spinal core that develops from the neural plate what is this system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the central nervous system develops? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the thick layer of ectodermal tissue giving rise to neral tube and brain, spinal core tissues of CNS |
|
|
Term
| When does the neural plate develops? |
|
Definition
| 18-20 days after conception |
|
|
Term
| The longitudinal tube giving rise to brain, spinal core, neural tissue of CNS formed by fusion of the neural folds and paired longitudinal folds uniting to form of what ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the neural crest? |
|
Definition
| Cells along outer surface of neural tube |
|
|
Term
| Neural tube differentiates into _____ |
|
Definition
| CNS (brain and spinal core) |
|
|
Term
| Neural crest differentiates into____ |
|
Definition
| Peripheral nervous system |
|
|
Term
| when the neural tube formation and closure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the neural tube formation/closure ? |
|
Definition
| The neural plate folds on itself, closes dorsally |
|
|
Term
| Which part of neural tube close first? When it close? |
|
Definition
| The cranial end-24days after conception |
|
|
Term
| Which part of neural tube close second? When it close? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cranial end of tube becomes ____ |
|
Definition
| Ventricular system of brain |
|
|
Term
| The Caudal end of tube becomes __ |
|
Definition
| Central canal of spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| When is the greatest growth occurs at cranial end? |
|
Definition
| End of 4th week gestation |
|
|
Term
| What is the cranial end growth differentiates into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 primary brain vesicles? |
|
Definition
| Prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain) |
|
|
Term
| 4 region of cerebral cortex are_ |
|
Definition
| Frontal lobe-Parietal lobe-Occipital lobe_Temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
| What is diverticula mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Diverticulation occurs at ___in prosencephalon (forebrain) and forms___
|
|
Definition
5-6 wks gestion
telencephalon and diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| what is the telencephalon? |
|
Definition
| Endbrain-gives rise to cerebral hemisphere, lateral ventricles and basal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| What is the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
| In between brain- forms thalamus and hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| what is the rhombencephalon? |
|
Definition
| Hindbrain divides into mestencephalon and myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| what are the Metencephalon and Myelencephalon? |
|
Definition
| The lower part or hindbrain from which medulla oblongata develops |
|
|
Term
| Indication for neonate brain exam are |
|
Definition
| Congenital anomaliles-Intracranial hemorrhage-Intracranial masses-Venous malformations-Hydrocephalus-Intracranial infections-Infarction and/ or edema |
|
|
Term
| Which is direction of scan in coronal plane? |
|
Definition
| Sweep anterior to posterior and maintain symmetry with transducer place transversely on the fontanelle |
|
|
Term
| Which is direction of scan in sagital plane? |
|
Definition
| Scan and take midline image first then scan to right and left to take image on right and left side with transducer place longitudinally across anterior fontanelle |
|
|
Term
| A congenital anomaly associated with spina bifida is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chiari malformation is when___ |
|
Definition
| Cerebellum and brain stem pulled toward the spinal cord and secondary hydrocephalus develops |
|
|
Term
| Chiari Malformation is characterized by__ |
|
Definition
Displacement of 4th ventricle and upper medullar -->cervical canal
Displacement of the inferior part of the cerebellum --> the foramen magnum
Defect in the calvarium and spinal column |
|
|
Term
| Chiari malformation is associated with __ |
|
Definition
| Myelomeningocele, hydrocephalus, dilation of the third ventricle, and absence of CSP (cavum septum pellucidum) |
|
|
Term
| What is myelomeningocele ? |
|
Definition
| Neural tissue and meninges protrude |
|
|
Term
| The most common type of chiari malformation is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Banana sign of cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| Ultrasound finding of Chiari II include: |
|
Definition
Small posterior fossa, and small cerebellum
Displacement of cerebellum -->foramen magnum
Enlarge massa intermedia and ventricles
Partial absence of CSP
Myelomeningocele
Hydrocephalus |
|
|
Term
| Incomplete cleavage of primitive forebrain into 2 cerebral hemispheres and characterized by grossly abnormal brain with common large central ventricle this is____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 type of holoprosencephaly ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most severe form of Holoprosencephaly is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are multiple facial anomalies, most severe, thalami are fused; no falx, corpus callosum or interhemispheric fissure present; and the third ventricle is absent these are characteristic of___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dilated 4th ventricle in direct communication with cisterna magnum, huge 4th ventricle cyst at cerebellum usually lies, small or absenct cerebellar vermis; Hydrocephalus and elevated tentorium all these are___ |
|
Definition
| Dandy-Walker Malformation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Agenesis of corpus callosum |
|
|
Term
| Depending on timing this can be partial or complete, this highly associate with central nervous system (CNS) anomalies What is this? |
|
Definition
| Agenesis of corpus callosum |
|
|
Term
What is ultrasound finding of ACC?
|
|
Definition
Narrow frontal horns (slitlike)
Absent CSP
Widely separated, parallel lateral ventricles |
|
|
Term
| Enlargement of ventricular system; imbalance between production and drainage of CSF this is ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the earlier hydrocephalus occurs the greater ___ |
|
Definition
| enlargement of the head present |
|
|
Term
| The dilation of ventricles/ hydrocephalus results in__ |
|
Definition
| Widely separated sutures and huge, bulging fontanelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| US finding of hydrocephalus are |
|
Definition
| Blunting of the lateral angles of the lateral ventricles, dilated ventricle atrium >10mm or 1cm |
|
|
Term
| What are types of hydrocephalus? |
|
Definition
| Obstructive and communicating |
|
|
Term
| Interference of the circulation of CSF in the ventricular system causes enlargement of the ventricular cavities proximal to the obstruction is what type of hydrocephalus? |
|
Definition
| Obstructive hydrocephalus |
|
|
Term
CSF pathways are open but there is decrease absorption of CSF
The entire ventricular system uniformly distended
What is hydrocephalus type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the Germinal Matrix hemorrhage is most at risk? |
|
Definition
GA: < 30 weeks of gestation
Weight <1500g or both occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The network of blood vessels and primitive neural tissue
This is very sensitive to pressure and metabolic changes which can rupture vessels |
|
|
Term
| When the hemorrhage of germinal Matrix most occur in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the optimally first US screening check for hemorrhage of Germinal Matrix and Hydrocephalus done at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the second screening done to check for periventricular leukomalacia and ventricular enlargement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Periventricular leukomalacia |
|
|
Term
| How many grading level of germinal matrix hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Subependymal hemorrhage (SEH) is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intraventricular extension without hydrocephalus is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intraventricular hemorrhage with hydrocephalus is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intraparenchymal hemorrhage is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ultrasound finding grade I of (GMH) hemorrhage is |
|
Definition
Homogeneous; moderately to highly echogenic mass
Usually in the caudothalamic groove
Echogenicity of clot changes over time (less echogenic with anechoic center) |
|
|
Term
| Ultrasound finding grade II of (GMH) hemorrhage is |
|
Definition
Hyperechoic clot fills a portion of ventricle or all of ventricle
Choroid plexus may appear asymmetrically thick and difficult to separate choroid plexus from clot
Appearance changes over time |
|
|
Term
| Ultrasound finding grade III of (GMH) hemorrhage is |
|
Definition
Clot then choroid plexus more defined
May be adherent to wall or move to dependent position
Hydrocephalus |
|
|
Term
| Ultrasound finding grade IV of (GMH) hemorrhage is |
|
Definition
Usually in cerebral cortex
Venous infarction secondary to hemorrhage
Acute echogenic homogenous mass extending into brain parenchyma
Over-time echogenic rim with anechoic center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Infarction and necrosis of periventricular white matter
this most frequent ischemic lesion in immature brain
Associate with crebral palsy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PVL is most frequent ischemic lesion in__ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within 2 weeks of insult, PVL ultrasound finding are: |
|
Definition
| Increased echogenicity of periventricular white matter greater than choroid plexus |
|
|
Term
| Ultrasound finding at 2-4 weeks of PVL___ |
|
Definition
| Cystic changes may develop single or multiple cysts lateral and superior to top of ventricles and usually bilateral and symmetrical |
|
|
Term
| The main concern with premature infants is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many percentage chance of hemorrhage in brain if infants born <34 weeks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neonatal brain ultrasound is for |
|
Definition
| Neonates with difficult delivery or born prematurely |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The segment extends posteriorly from the trigone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The segment is divided posteriorly by foramen on Monro near the body of the vent and roof is corpus callosum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The segment extends anteriorly from trigone through the temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The anterior, occipital and temporal horns join here, and here is where the ventricle measurements are taken |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small, thin arrowhead shape, midline cavity that contains CSF and is connected to the 3rd ventricles by the aqueduct of sylvius |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small, teardrop-shaped, midline cavity that lies between thalami, contains CSF and connected to lateral ventricles via foramen of Monro |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found on posterior tip of cavum septum pellucidi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tail of choroid plexus; major site for bleeds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Midline channel connecting 3rd and 4th ventricles; rarely seen sonographically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Midline channel connecting the 3rd ventricle with each lateral ventricle |
|
|
Term
| The Middle cerebral artery (MCA) and circle of Willis is |
|
Definition
| Often evaluated with Doppler to determine cerebral blood flow patterns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pea-shaped structure suspended within 3rd ventricle and best seen with ventricular dilation |
|
|
Term
| The tentorium cerebelli is |
|
Definition
| The structure separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The innermost membrane that is highly vascularized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thin, delicate layer between 2 other membranes, surrounded by spaces for CSF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Double layered outer membrane, toughest barrier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3 membranes that surround and protect the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spaces between the bones of the skull; not completely closed in neonate |
|
|
Term
| The quadrigeminal fissure is |
|
Definition
| located posterior and inferior from cavum vergae |
|
|
Term
| The interhemispheric fissure is |
|
Definition
| Contains the falx cerebri, separates the 2 hemispheres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bilateral located between temporal and frontal lobes; resembles an echogenic "Y" turned on its side, location of MCA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 ovoid egg-shaped structures located on either side of the 3rd ventricle superior to brain stem; relay station for upward moving senory impulses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| under thalamus; regulates body temperature, fluid balance and metabolism; center for thirst .. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The narrow portion of brain stem that connects forebrain to hindbrain; contains 2 halves called cerebral peduncles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structure lies in posterior fossa under tentorium; its 2 hemispheres are connected by the vermis; has cauliflower appearance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of dura mater and found in the interhemispheric fissure; this fibrous structure separating the 2 cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 located on either side of the brain; this is largest CSF cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and divided into 4 segments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The segment extends from foramen of Monro to the trigone; the corpus callosum forms the roof and CSP (cavum septum pellucidum) forms the medial wall |
|
|
Term
| Cerebral spinal fluid are |
|
Definition
| Surrounded and protected the brain and spinal cord, 40% formed by choroid plexus of lateral, third and fourth ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Echogenic cells important in CSF production found in atrium of lateral ventricles; and regulated intraventricular pressure by secretion or absorption of CSF |
|
|
Term
| Cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) is |
|
Definition
| Thin, triangular-shaped (coronally), comma-shaped (sagitally) and lies between frontal horns and bodies of the lateral ventricles in midline; forms the floor of corpus callosum and filled with CSF and usually closes within 3-6 months of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small,fluid-filled space immediately posteroinferior to cerebellum; found between medulla oblongata, cerebellar hemispheres and occipital bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group of nerve fibers (mass of white matter) connecting right and left hemispheres; superior to 3rd ventricle; forms roof of lateral ventricle and sits on top of cavum septum pellucidum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primary motor area, located anterior to cental fissure
Controls the movements of the conscious skeletal muscles such as face, mouth, and hands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The posterior part interprets visual impulses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cortical areas, responsible for interpreting impulses from the special sense organs such as the auditory area and olfactory area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains the body's sensory receptors which interpret the impulses that allow one to recognize such sensations as pain, cold or a light touch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enclosed space serving as a reservoir for cerebrospinal fluid |
|
|
Term
| Transducer should be utilized is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Advantage over CT/MRI include: |
|
Definition
Portability
Lower cost
Speed
No ionizing radiation and no sedation |
|
|
Term
| Sonography is essential for |
|
Definition
| New born, high risk, and unstable premature infant |
|
|
