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| Three or more people who interact and are interdependent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to influence each other. |
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| A relationship where members are mutually dependent upon each other. |
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| Shared expectations in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave. |
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| Qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between members. |
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| The tendency for people to do better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated. |
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| The tendency for people to relax when they're in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated, such that they do worse on simple tasks, but better on complex tasks. |
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| The loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can't be identified (such as when they're in a crowd). |
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| A kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner. |
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| 1965 The presence of others increases physiological arousal(i.e., our bodies become more energized). Also when such arousal exists, it is easier to perform a dominant response, but harder to do something complex. (social facilitation). This phenomenon was experimentally explained in 1969 with the cockroach and maze test. The more difficult maze took longer to solve under watch of peers. |
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| The idea that certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the situation. |
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| Leaders who set clear, short-term goals and reward people who meet them. |
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| Leaders who inspire followers to focus on common, long-term goals. |
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| Fielder's Contingency Theory of Leadership |
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| The idea that leadership effectiveness depends both on how task-oriented the leader is and on the amount of control and influence the leader has over the group. |
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| Choosing the mutually beneficial choice gives the best results, to cincrease cooperation the “tit-for-tat strategy” can be used |
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| A form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict in which offers and counteroffers are made and a solution occurs only when both parties agree. |
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| The finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends. |
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| The finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it. |
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| The expectations people develop about relationships with others, based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants. |
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| An attachment style characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked. |
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| Avoidant Attachment Style |
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| Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment Style |
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| An attachment style characterized by a concern that others will not reciprocate one's desire for intimacy, resulting in higher than average levels of anxiety. |
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| The idea that people's feelings about a relationship depend on their perceptions of the rewards and costs of the relationship, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else. |
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| The idea that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs experienced and the contributions made by both parties are roughly equal. |
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| Relationships governed by the need for equity (i.e. for an equal ratio of rewards and costs) |
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| Relationships in which people's primary concern is being responsive to the other person's needs. |
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| The case wherein people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave consistently with people's original expectations, making the expectations come true. |
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| Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person. |
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| The desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper. |
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| The idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection. |
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| The attempt to explain social behavior in terms of genetic factors that have evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection. |
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| The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future. |
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| The idea that people's feelings about a relationships depend on their perceptions of the rewards and costs of the relationship, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else. |
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| The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions (e.g., joy and sadness) the way that person experiences them. |
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| Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person for purely altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain. |
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| Urban Overload Hypothesis |
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| The theory that people living in cities are constantly bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it. |
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| The finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help. |
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| The case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way, when in fact they are not. |
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| Diffusion of Responsibility |
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Definition
| The phenomenon wherein each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases. |
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