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| Thinking that is unconscious, unintentional, and effortless. |
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| How people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically, how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgements and decisions. |
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| Mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects, and that influence the information people notice, think about, and remember. |
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| The extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people's mind and are therefore likely to be used when making judgements about the social world. |
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| The process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept. |
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| The case wherein people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave consistently with people's original expectations, making the expectations come true. |
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| Mental shortcuts people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently. |
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| A mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgment on the ease with with which they can bring something to mind. |
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| A type of thinking in which people focus on the properties of objects without considering their surrounding context; this type of thinking is common in western cultures. |
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| A type of thinking in which people focus on the overal context, particularly the ways in which objects relate to each other; this type of thinking is common in East Asian cultures. |
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| Mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been. |
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| study in which participants read a story about a trip involving Barbara and Jack ended in either a proposal or a rape. Two weeks later participants tended to misremember details of the story that fit with their schema for what happened. This suggests that schemas become stronger and more resistant to change over time. |
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| A generalization about a group of people, in which certain traits are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members. |
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| Higgins, Rholes, & Jones (1977) |
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Definition
| Research participants thought they were participating in two separate studies. The first task involved identifying different colors while memorizing a list of words. The second task required them to read a paragraph about Donald and give their impressions of him. Participants impressions of Donald were affected by whether they had memorized positive or negative words in the first task of the study |
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| Rosenthal & Jacobson (1968) |
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Definition
| Resulted in the Pygmalion effect, where the greater the expectation placed upon people, the better they performed. |
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| Shariff & Norenzayan (2007) |
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| God is watching you; Priming god concepts increases prosocial behavior in an anonymous economic game. |
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| the participants were asked to describe either 6 or 12 examples of assertive, or unassertive, behavior. Subsequently, participants were later asked to rate their own assertiveness. The results showed that participants rated themselves as more assertive after describing 6, rather than 12, examples for the assertive behavior condition, and conversely rated themselves as less assertive after describing 6, rather than 12, examples for the unassertive behavior condition. The study reflected that the implications of recalled content were qualified by the ease with which the respective content could be brought to mind (easier to recall 6 examples, rather than 12) |
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| The way in which people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words; nonverbal cues include facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position and movement, the use of touch, and gaze. |
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| To express or emit nonverbal behavior, such as smiling or patting someone on the back. |
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| To interpret the meaning of the nonverbal behavior other people express, such as deciding that a pat on the back was an expression of condescension and not kindness. |
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| Culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to display. |
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| Implicit Personality Theory |
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| A type of schema people use to group various kinds of personality traits together; for example, many people believe that someone who is kind is generous as well. |
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| The inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the person, such as attitude, character, or personality. |
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| The inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he is in. The assumption is that most people would respond the same way in that situation. |
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| The theory states that to form an attribution about what caused a person's behavior, we systematically note the pattern between the presence or absence of possible casual factors and whether or not the behavior occurs. |
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| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
| The tendency to overestimate the extent to which people's behavior is due to internal, dispositional factors, and to underestimate the roles of situational factors. |
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| The seeming importance of information that is the focus of people's attention. |
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| Self-serving Attributions |
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| Explanations for one's successes that credit internal, dispositional factors and explanations for one's failures that blame external, situational factors. |
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| Explanations for behaviors that avoid feelings of vulnerability and mortality. |
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| A form of defensive attribution wherein people assume that bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people. |
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| stress the importance of cohesion within social groups (such as an "in-group", in what specific context it is defined) and in some cases, the priority of group goals over individual goals. |
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| Refers to the way people identify themselves and focus their goals. Gives priority to personal goals (as opposed to the goals of a group or society) |
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| A neuron that fires when a person acts and when he observes the same action performed by another. |
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| Universal Facial Expression |
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| There are 6 distinct expressions that are considered universal: happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, disgust, anger |
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| Nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within a given culture; they usually have direct verbal translations, such as the OK sign |
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| Point of view and perceptions of causality. |
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| Experiment where subjects read essays about Castro. Fundamental Attribution Error. The subjects were unable to see the influence of the situational constraints placed upon the writers; they could not refrain from attributing sincere belief to the writers. |
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| Multi-dimensional construct that refers to an individual's perception of "self" in relation to any number of characteristics, such as academics (and nonacademics), gender roles and sexuality, racial identity, and many others. |
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| The process of "looking inward" and examining one's self and one's own actions in order to gain insight. |
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| The idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values. |
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| Theories about the causes of one's own feelings and behaviors; often we learn such theories from our culture. (e.g., "absence makes the heart grow fonder") |
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| The theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs. |
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| The desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or find it interesting, not because of external rewards or pressures. |
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| The desire to engage in an activity because of external rewards or pressures, not because we enjoy the task or find it interesting. |
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| The tendency for people to view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons. |
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| Two-Factor Theory of Emotion |
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Definition
| The idea that emotional experience is the result of a two-step self-perception process in which people first experience physiological arousal and then seek appropriate explanation for it. |
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| Misattribution of Arousal |
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| The process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do. |
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| The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people |
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| The process whereby people adopt another person's attitudes. |
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| is the ability to control one's emotions, behavior, and desires in order to obtain some reward, or avoid some punishment. |
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| The attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen. |
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| People's evaluations of their own self-worth. That is, the extent to which they view themselves as good, competent, and decent. |
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| Behavioral Self-Handicapping |
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Definition
| People act in ways that reduce the likelihood that they will succeed on a task, so that if they fail they can blame it on the obstacles they created rather than on their lack of ability. |
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| Reported Self-Handicapping |
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Definition
| People devise ready-made excuses in case they fail. |
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