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chapter 22 and atoms & periodic table test
N/A
111
Science
8th Grade
10/30/2013

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Term
Atmosphere
Definition
a layer of gases that surrounds the Earth made up of chemical elements
Term
Components of Dry Air
Percentages
Definition
Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon
78% 21% 1%
Term
H2O =
CO2 =
O3
Definition
water vapor
carbon dioxide
Ozone
Term
Particulates
Definition
small particles in the atmosphere (dust, pollen)
necessary for condensation
Term
Nitrogen Cycle
Maintains...
order
Definition
Maintains level of Nitrogen in the atmosphere
Air - Soil - Plants - Animals - Air
Term
How is oxygen added to the air?
Definition
By photosynthesis
Term
Photosynthesis occurs both by _____ and ____ based plants
Definition
Land
Water
Term
Water Vapor is added to the air due to _____ and _______.
Definition
Evaporation
Transpiration
Term
Transpiration
Definition
when plants release H2O into the atmosphere
Term
Water Vapor is removed from the air dur to _____ and ______.
Definition
Condensation
Precipitation
Term
The percent of water vapor in the air varies due to ____, ____, ____, and ___.
Definition
Temperature
Seasons
Location
Time of Day
Term
Ozone molecules contain 3 ____ ____.
Definition
oxygen atoms
Term
Particulates are necessary for ______ of water vapor.
Definition
Condensation
Term
Examples of Particulates
Definition
Volcanic Dust
Microscopic Organisms
Pollen
Vaporized Meteors
Salt from evaporated sea spray
Term
Atmospheric Pressure is exerted ____ in all directions
Definition
equally
Term
What are the 3 factors that affect the atmospheric pressure?
Definition
Altitude
Temperature
Water Vapor
Term
Altitude- the farither from the Earth's surface, the _____ the air, due to weaker _______ ____ toward the center of the earth
Definition
thinner
gravitational pull
Term
Temperature- in general, as it increases, the atmospheric pressure ______
Definition
decreases
Term
Water Vapor- air that contains it is less _____ because their molecules have less ____ then ____ or ___
Definition
dense
mass
nitrogen
Oxygen
Term
You measure atmospheric pressure using a _____
Definition
barometer
Term
2 types of barometers
Definition
aneroid
mercurial
Term
Layers of Earth- closest to farthest from earth
Definition
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
Term
Troposphere- place where most ___ occurs
almost all the __ ___ and ___ ___ is.
Temperature ____ as altitude ____
The air is heated by...
Definition
weather
water vapor
carbon dioxide
decreases
increases
Earth's surface
Term
Water vapor takes ___ with it when it evaporates
Definition
heat
Term
Top of troposphere
Definition
tropopause
Term
Stratosphere contains nearly all the ___.
temp. _____ as altitude _____
It is heated from ____ by ___ ___ that is absorbed by the ____
Definition
ozone
increases
decreases
above
solar radiation
ozone
Term
Mesosphere has the ____ temp.
the temp. _____ as the altitude _____
Definition
coldest
decreases
increases
Term
Thermosphere extends into ___ ___.
temp ___ as altitude ____
_ and _ atoms absorb radiation
Definition
outer space
N
O
Term
Exosphere is ___ ____.
Definition
outer space
Term
Energy from the sun doesn't need a _____ to go through
Definition
medium
Term
Earth's atmosphere is heated by the _____
Definition
sun
Term
Radiation
Definition
all forms of energy that travels through space as waves
Term
Radiation travels at a very _____ _____
Definition
high speed
Term
visible light is only a small portion of ______ _____
Definition
solar radiation
Term
different colors are due to _____ ___ _______
Definition
differences in wavelengths
Term
the shortest visible light wavelengths are _____ _____
the longest visible wavelengths are ___
Definition
dark blue
red
Term
light is ____ and has ____ __ __ ______ mixed in
Definition
white
all of the colors
Term
electromagnetic spectrum
Definition
all wavelengths of energy emitted by the sun
Term
the atmosphere and radiation protect us from ____ _____ ____
Definition
harmful solar radiation
Term
scattering
Definition
when clouds, dust, water droplets and gas molecules reflect and bend solar rays
Term
the sky is blue because of....
Definition
scattering
Term
solar energy reflected by the clouds, dust and earth's surface is ___%
Definition
30%
Term
solar energy absorbed by clouds, dust and gases is ___%
Definition
20%
Term
albedo
Definition
fraction of solar energy reflected
Term
___ and ___ have an effect on Earth's albedo
Definition
color
texture
Term
___ and ___ have an effect on Earth's albedo
Definition
color
texture
Term
Greenhouse is mostly _____, but recently the energy has been going up too much and not down enough, making the Earth too ___, this is because of ____
Definition
good
warm
CO2
Term
latitude is a primary factor of ____ ____
Definition
temp vartiations
Term
temp variations:
Definition
seasons, latitude
Term
1st day of summer:
Definition
most direct sunlight 235 degrees
Term
1st day of fall:
Definition
equator
Term
1st day of winter:
Definition
tropic of capricorn (23.5%)
Term
1st day of spring:
Definition
equator
Term
water vapor ____ and ____ heat
Definition
absorbs stores
Term
the sun heats the ____ ____ during the day
Definition
humid air
Term
the heat is _______ to Earth at night
Definition
re-radiated
Term
places like the desert (with low humidity) are ____ during the day, but ____ at night
Definition
hot
cold
Term
LI is temperate because....
Definition
water helps us regulate our temp
Term
water takes longer to ___ ___ and longer to ___ ____. This makes the water in the summer to be ____ and opposite with winter
Definition
heat up
cool down
cooler
Term
temps vary due to....
Definition
rotation of Earth's axis
Term
convection
Definition
the movement of matter due to differences in density caused by temp differences
Term
heated matter becomes ___ ___ and is pushed upward by more ____ _____
Definition
less dense
dense matter
Term
cold, dense air ___
warm air ___
Definition
sinks
rises
Term
pressure differentials in the atmosphere
caused by ...
it causes...
Definition
temp diff
wind
Term
atomic #
Definition
the characteristic that distinguishes each element
Term
all atoms of an element contain the exact # of _____
Definition
protons
Term
atomic mass
Definition
the # of protons and neutrons in an atom
Term
1 proton =
1 neutron =
1 electron =
Definition
1 amu
1 amu
1/1840 amu
Term
isotope
Definition
an atom that has the same # of protons (same atomic #) but a different # of neutrons
Term
ion
Definition
an atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons
Term
more electrons (e-) then protons (p+) =
more protons then electrons =
Definition
negatively charged
positive
Term
ionic bond
Definition
the attractive force between 2 oppositely charged ions, which forms when electrons are transferred from 1 atom to another
Term
covalent bond
Definition
a bond formed when atoms share one of more pairs of electrons
Term
atmospheric circulation
Definition
movement of air is caused by pressure differences which are caused by temp differences
Term
A a whole air near Earth's surface....
Definition
flows from poles to the equator
Term
air moves from ___ pressure regions to ___ pressure regions
Definition
high
low
Term
cold air sinks ----
warm air rises ----
Definition
high pressure
low pressure
Term
4 influences on global air movement
Definition
Coriolis effect
Prevailing winds
2 pressure zones per hemisphere
jetstreams
Term
Coriolis effect
northern hemisphere deflects-
southern hemisphere deflects-
Definition
right
left
Term
3 wind belts in each hemisphere
Definition
Polar easterlies
westerlies
trade winds
Term
2 pressure zones
Definition
doldrums
horse latitudes
Term
jetstream
-
-
Definition
-additional global winds
-2 in N.H. and 2 in S.H.
Term
sea breeze is usually...
Definition
in the morning
Term
90N-60N -
60N
60N-30N
Definition
polar easterlies
unnamed
westerlies
Term
30N
30N-0
0
Definition
Horse Latitudes
Northern Trade Winds
Doldrums
Term
0-30S
30S
30S-60S
Definition
Southern Trade Winds
Horse Latitudes
Westerlies
Term
60S-90S
Definition
Polar Easterlies
Term
all matter has _ types of distinguished properties
Definition
2
Term
2 properties of matter
Definition
physical
chemical
Term
Physical Property of Matter-
Ex:
Definition
properties that can be observed without changing the compotsitions
:color, shape, mass, density, texture, taste, smell, boiling, freezing, electric
Term
element
Definition
a substance that cant be broken into a simpler, stable substance by chemical means
has a characteristic set of physical and chemical properties that can be used to identify it
Term
more then 90 elements occur in ____, the remains are ____
Definition
nature
manmade
Term
atom-
Very ___
consists of _______ ______
Definition
the smallest unit of an element that has chemical properties of that element
small
subatomic particles
Term
4 subatomic particles
Definition
proton
electron
neutron
nucleus
Term

proton =

electron =

neutron =

nucleus consists of _____ and _____

Definition
positive negative not charged protons, nuetrons
Term
___ & _____ repel
___ & _____ repel
___ &______ do NOT repel
Definition
negative, negative
positive, positive
negative, positive
Term
neutral atoms contain and equal # of ____ and _____
Definition
protons
electrons
Term
ELEMENT
3 =
Li =
7 =
Definition
atomic #/ #of protons
atomic symbol
atomic mass/ # of protons + # of neutrons
Term
____ ____ defines the type of atom
Definition
atomic number
Term
atomic #
Definition
the characteristic that distinguishes each element
Term
all atoms of an element contain that exact # of ____
Definition
protons
Term
atomic mass
Definition
the # of protons and neutrons in an atoms
Term
Chemical Property of Matter
Definition
how a substance reacts with other substances
Term
oxygen + hydrogen =
Definition
oxygen + iron = rust
Term
oxygen + silicon =
Definition
quarts
Term
The ____ protects Earth's surface from harmful solar radiation
Definition
atmosphere
Term
nitrogen is removed from the air by nitrogen-fixing ____ that live in the soil
Definition
bacteria
Term
each molecule of ozone contains ___ oxygen atoms
Definition
3
Term
the pressure exerted on a surface by the atmosphere is called ____ pressure
Definition
atmospheric
Term
An ____ barometer consist of a sealed container that changes shape as the atmospheric pressure changes
Definition
aneriod
Term
the most abundant compounds in the atmosphere are
Definition
H2O and CO2
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